World History Lecture Review: Reformation to the 19th Century

Comprehensive flashcards covering key terms and figures from the Reformation, the Age of Revolutions, and both World Wars.

Johannes Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press in 1440, which allowed ideas to spread faster and helped distribute Martin Luther's writings.

Sola Fide

Luther's belief in salvation by faith alone, meaning people are saved through faith in Jesus Christ, not good works or rituals.

Priesthood of all believers

The belief that Christians can have a relationship with God through faith and prayer, making priests unnecessary.

95 Theses

A series of arguments written by Martin Luther that challenged Church corruption and the selling of indulgences.

Diet of Worms

An assembly where Luther was asked to recant his ideas; his refusal led to him being declared an outlaw.

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that God pre-determined who will be saved after death.

The Elect

The small group of people chosen for salvation in Calvinism, motivating them to act with utmost integrity.

Theocracy

A system of government where religion influences political control.

Anglican Church

The Church of England established by Henry VIII after the pope refused to grant him an annulment.

Jesuits

A group led by Ignatius of Loyola during the Counter Reformation focused on education and literacy (AKA teach them how to read the bible)

Carmelites

A group led by Theresa, with it’s goal being to fix the corrupt nunneries, that were priorly just orphanages for unwanted girls

Council of Trent

An unproductive 20-year meeting intended to address and improve issues within the Catholic Church.

Index of Forbidden Books

A list of books carrying Protestant beliefs that were banned for Catholics to prevent the spread of radical ideas.

Edict of Nantes

A law issued by Henry of Navarre providing religious freedom to Huguenots (French Protestants) and bringing stability to France, and ending the French wars of Revolution.

Treaty of Westphalia

The treaty that ended the 30 Years War and established the idea that religious violence is unacceptable.

30 Years War

an extremely violent war between Catholics and Protestants

Causes of the 30 years war

long-term tension between the religions, and the defenestration of Prague (when protestant nobles threw two catholic officials out of the window of a castle)

Effects of the 30 Years war

left Germany devastated, and resulted in the Peace of Westphalia - which altered European politics drastically

Capitalism

An economic system based on private property, competition, and freedom in the production and sale of goods.

Dutch Golden Age

A period in the 17th century when the Netherlands became a dominant economic power through Capitalism.

Mercantilism

An economic system where the government has full control over trade, resources, and colonies to benefit the monarchy.

Led to inflation (abundance of gold/silver that makes the empire seem rich- when their actually not), and poor work-ethic in Spain

Act of Uniformity

An English law (made by Elizabeth) that established that the Angligcan Church would be the official church of England, requiring all subjects to attend its services (or else- they would pay an insignificant fine).

Act of Supremacy

A declaration by Elizabeth I that she was the supreme governor of the Church of England.

Spanish Armada

A large fleet of boats sent by Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism; the English were victorious.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that a monarch’s power comes directly from God and is not limited by earthly authority- often resulted in absolute monarchy.

James I

King of Scotland AND England.

Believed in the Divine Right of Kings

Constantly conflicts with Parliament

King James Bible- he leans catholic

Charles I

Son of James I

Believed in the Divine Right of Kings- even more than his Father

Wrote the “Anglican Book of Common Prayer” - which was VERY Catholic, which the Scots didn’t like (led to invasion)

Charles II

Son of Charles I

Goal: to please the people

He knew how to protect his image, so he could be excused from doing questionable things, and prevented hatred against him.

James II

Brother of Charles II

Opposite of his brother - in that he always wanted to go to war

Believed in the Divine Right of Kings

Catholic

Cause of the Creation of the Petition of Rights

The cause of the creation of the Petition of Rights was the conflict between Charles I and Parliament regarding tax obligations, civil liberties, and royal authority. It aimed to limit the king's power and safeguard the rights of subjects.

Petition of Rights

A document signed by Charles I that prohibited taxing without Parliament's approval and imprisoning without valid reason.

Oliver Cromwell

The leader of the Roundheads and 'Lord Protector' of England after the execution of Charles I.

Glorious Revolution

The peaceful exchange of power in England between King James II and William and Mary.

English Bill of Rights

A document ensuring Parliament met regularly and had authority over taxes and the suspension of laws.

Absolutism

A system of government where the leader holds complete power, exemplified by Louis XIV.

Peter the Great

The tsar who modernized and Westernized Russia, building St. Petersburg and expanding Russian territory.

Heliocentrism

The scientific theory that the sun is the center of the universe, promoted by Copernicus.

Kepler

A scientist who mathematically proved heliocentrism and suggested planets orbit in an elliptical (oval) pattern.

Newton

Scientist who established the three laws of motion and believed the universe is governed by predictable natural laws.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who believed government's purpose is to protect natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Hobbes

Author of 'Leviathan' who believed humans were naturally selfish and required an absolute monarchy to prevent chaos.

Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who advocated for the separation of government powers into checks and balances.

Adam Smith

The 'Father of Economics' who believed in free-market capitalism and that self-interest can benefit society.

Salons

Gatherings hosted by the wealthy where Enlightenment philosophers discussed their ideas.

Ancien Regime

The former government system in France consisting of the Three Estates: clergy, nobility, and everyone else.

National Assembly

An assembly formed by the 3rd Estate to draft a constitution and establish popular sovereignty in France.

Tennis Court Oath

A symbolic rebellion where the 3rd Estate promised not to dissolve until they passed a constitution for France.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A French Revolutionary document stating all men are equal and possess natural rights.

Jacobins

A radical political group that led the Reign of Terror and supported a republic over a monarchy.

Robespierre

The leader of the Jacobins and Committee of Public Safety who governed through fear during the Reign of Terror.

Continental System

Napoleon’s failed economic blockade intended to weaken Britain.

Napoleonic Codes

A set of laws that established equality before the law and merit-based advancement but limited women’s rights.

Enclosure Movement

The practice of wealthy landowners fencing off common land, forcing small farmers to move to cities for factory jobs.

Urbanization

The rapid movement of people from rural areas to cities for industrial work.

Proletariat

The working class people who sell their labor for wages, according to Karl Marx.

Bourgeoisie

The wealthy upper class that owns the means of production, such as factories and businesses.

Communism

An economic system described by Marx where property is owned by the community to create a classless society.

Social Darwinism

The belief that certain nations or races are naturally superior, used to justify 19th-century imperialism.

Realpolitik

Politics based on practical goals and power rather than ideals, used by Otto von Bismarck.

'Blood and Iron'

Bismarck's phrase indicating that German unification would be achieved through military strength and war.

Triple Entente

The WWI military alliance consisting of France, Britain, and Russia.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany’s WWI strategy to quickly defeat France in the West before fighting Russia in the East.

Zimmerman Telegram

A secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S., which helped bring the U.S. into WWI.

Bolsheviks

The radical communist group led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic plan for peace, including self-determination and the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations and a 'war guilt clause' on Germany.

Fascism

An authoritarian system characterized by extreme nationalism, government control, and suppressed opposition.

Lebensraum

The German term for 'living space,' used by Hitler to justify the expansion of territory.

Appeasement

The policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands to avoid war, such as at the Munich Conference.

Blitzkrieg

A military strategy meaning 'lightning war,' using fast-moving tanks and aircraft to overwhelm enemies.

D-Day invasion

The largest invasion in history, launched at Normandy, France, to begin the liberation of Western Europe in WWII.

Nuremberg Laws

Nazi laws that stripped Jewish people of their German citizenship and individual rights.