Unit 1

Define Atom

smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element

How many different types of atoms are there?

92

What things are not made out of atoms

Sunlight, Heat, x-rays, microwaves

Define element

a substance made of one type of atom

Define molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

define compound

a substance made out of the same type of molecule

chemical formula for water

H2O

chemical formula for carbon dioxide

CO2

chemical formula for methane

CH4

Atoms are ___ during chemical reactions

conserved

What does is mean that atoms are conserved (3 answers)

atoms do not change from one type to another during chemical reactions

atoms do not turn into energy

atoms are destroyed

Molecule of water (picture)

Molecule of carbon dioxide (picture)

4 most common gasses in Earth’s atmosphere

Nitrogen, Oxygen, H2O, Carbon dioxide

Chemical formula of glucose

C6H12O6

define glucose

a sugar plants make

define cellulose

a string of glucose molecules

It is an important component of the cell walls of plants

chemical formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

the molecules that make up the chemical structure of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen

most important element for the structure of plants and animals

carbon

plants get most of their raw materials for growing from

Air

why is air where plants get most of their raw material

Air has carbon, which is a large component in making cellulose

what do trees absorb with their roots

water and small amounts of minerals

how do trees breathe in CO2

through microscopic pores in leaves

what is a physical change

molecules moved around

no change to atoms or molecules

example of a physical change

crushing a can

melting

what is a chemical change

molecules changes but not atoms

chemical changes rearrange atoms and the bonds between them to make or break apart molecules

example of a chemical change

rusting metal

digesting food

what is a nuclear reaction

converts atoms to energy or atoms from one type to another

example of a nuclear change

fusion in the sun

gasoline, coal, natural gas, wax, sugars, and fat are primarily made of what elements

carbon and hydrogen

chemical equation for combustion of a molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

C3H8 + 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H2O

formula for a complete combustion reaction

fuel + O2 = CO2 + H2O

Describe the products of combustion of coal

chemical formula for ethane

C2H6

chemical formula for propane

C2H8

chemical formula for butane

C4H10

chemical formula for methanol

CH4O

chemical formula for ethanal

C2H6O

what happens to materials during metabolism

it is exhaled through breath

what happens to materials during decomposition

it is released into the atmosphere

gases have weight (true or false)

true

chemical formula for respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H2O + energy

what molecules are involved in respiration

glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water

photosynthesis is respiration in reverse (true or false)

true

what is electromagnetic radiation

composed of small packets of energy (called photons) traveling in a wave

types of electromagnetic radiation

gamma rays, x-rays, ultra-violet radiation, visible light, infra red radiation, microwaves, radio waves

Violet light has a ___ wavelength

short

Red light has a ___ wavelength

long

How does carbon move through plants

Photosynthesis

How does carbon move through the atmosphere

Respiration

Car emissions

What does the Keeling curve show

Human fossil emissions are causing a rise in CO2 emissions

Global CO2 levels drop in___

Spring

Global CO2 emissions rise in ___

Fall, as leaves fall and rot

Approximately how much CO2 is emitted by a car or truck per year

10,000 pounds

Where do CO2 emissions go

Into the atmosphere

How do different objects appear different colors

Some objects absorb the light, others reflect and transmit the wavelength

Ultraviolet radiation has a shorter wavelength wavelenght than

Violet

Infrared radiation has a longer wavelength than

Red

When photons encounter something, they either

Absorb, reflect, or transmit

Why does snow appear white?

It reflects all all wavelengths of light

Each substance reflects, absorbs, and transmits specific__

Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

Why does an apple appear red?

The apple reflects the red light and absorbs the other lights

what has a very short wavelength radiation

Gamma rays

electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than ultraviolet

X-rays

electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength just shorter than the human eye can see

ultraviolet radiation

electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than the human eye can see

infrared radiation

wavelength radiation that travel easily through the atmosphere

radio waves

All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits ___

electromagnetic radiation

The warmer the matter, ___

the shorter the wavelength of radiation

sunlight is thermal radiation (true or false)

true

Energy is never lost (true or false)

true

What is represented here in the yellow circle (insert picture of the greenhouse effect)

Most sunlight passes through atmosphere

What is represented here in the red circle

Half of the sunlight is absorbed by the surface of the sun

In simple terms, how does the greenhouse affect happen

some sunlight that passes through the atmosphere is reflected back to space, but half is absorbed by the surface of Earth, warming earth

Visible sunlight easily passes through the atmosphere (true or false)

true

Most infrared radiation is absorbed by atmosphere (true or false)

true

which molecules in the air do not absorb infrared radiation

Nitrogen, Oxygen

Which molecules in the air do absorb infrared radiation

water, carbon dioxide, methane

carbon dioxide, water, methane, etc., are considered what?

greenhouse gases

Greenhouse gases emit infrared radiation back to the atmosphere in a random direction, what does this do?

some radiation coming back to earth warms it

First process of the greenhouse effect

about half the solar radiation is absorbed by the Earths surface and warms it

Second step of greenhouse effect

Infrared radiation is emitted from the Earths surface.

Third step of the greenhouse effect

Earth gives off this energy as infrared radiation (heat)

Fourth step of the greenhouse effect

most of the infrared radiation is absorbed by molecules in the air and then re-emitted (warming the earth)

Composition of Nitrogen in Earths atmosphere

78%

Composition of Oxygen in Earths air

21%

Composition of Carbon Dioxide in Earths air

0\.04%

what is the greenhouse effect?

the trapping of the suns warmth in Earths atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible light from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the Earths surface

Define weather

a description of atmospheric conditions in a location during a short period of time

conditions included in weather

temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, cloudiness

define climate

the average weather at a location over a long period of time

weather is easy to predict more that 3 days in advance (true or false)

false

why is weather difficult to predict?

weather depends on the precise conditions in the atmosphere now

what is the butterfly affect?

the phenomenon whereby a tiny localized change in a complex system an have large effects elsewhere

What are the different ways climate has been studied in the past?

Ice cores, pollen cores, tree rings, coral cores, stalagmites, sedimentary from the bottom of the ocean

In ice cores, what do light bands represent?

summer

in ice cores, what do dark bands represent?

winter

what caused the ice ages?

changes in the earths orbit and rotation

how do volcanos affect the climate?

sulfur dioxide from volcanos reflects sunlight to space and can cool earth