Psychology Exam #3 (Chapter 9, 12)

Chapter 9 - Motivation and Emotion Chapter 12 - Social Psychology

list the order of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (highest to lowest)

physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization

physiological needs

food, water, warmth, oxygen, sleep

safety needs

security, protection, freedom from threats

belonging and love needs

acceptance, friendship

esteem needs

good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation

self-actualization needs

living to one’s full potential

need hierarchy

arrangement of needs in which basic needs must be met before someone can satisfy higher needs

need

state of biological or social deficiency

motivation

factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain behavior

arousal

physiological activation or increased autonomic response

Yerkes-Dodson law

performance increases with arousal up to an optimal point; any more arousal will decrease performance

self-determination theory

people are motivated by a desire to feel good about themselves

What are the three needs of self-determination theory?

competence, relatedness, autonomy

competence

a person's belief in their ability to complete a task or achieve a goal (self-efficacy), achievements

relatedness

the social nature of human beings and the connectedness with others (love and belonging need)

autonomy

feeling psychologically free and having the ability to control your life (self-motivated)

extrinsic motivation

desire to perform activity because of external goal/reward

intrinsic motivation

desire to perform activity because of value/pleasure associated with it

How are the two types of motivation related to autonomy?

according to self-determination theory, extrinsic motivation can decrease the intrinsic motivation for an activity (being rewarded for an activity can reduce the enjoyment of the activity)

Need to belong theory

need for interpersonal attachments is a a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes

What are the four needs of the need to belong theory?

belongingness, self-esteem, meaningful existence, control

Which need is specific to the need to belong theory?

meaningful existence

ostracism (social rejection)

to be ignored and excluded

What are the three stages of social rejection?

reflexive stage, reflective stage, resignation stage

reflexive stage

evolutionary - developed an extremely sensitive ostracism detection system; upset by ostracism even when we shouldn’t be

reflective stage

behaviors after being ostracized; search for motives and meaning

fortify needs - belonging/self-esteem and control/meaningful existence

How do we fortify needs for belongingness/self-esteem in the reflective stage?

becoming more social to get back in with the group, attend to social cues, compliance, conformity

How do we fortify needs for control/meaningful existence in the reflective stage?

gain attention, control others, retaliate, lash out

resignation stage

ostracism over a long period of time; inability to fortify needs

What can the resignation stage lead to?

alienation, depression, helplessness, unworthiness

drive

psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to engage in behvaiors to satisfy needs

equilibrium

stable condition

homeostasis

tendency for bodily functions to remain in equilibrium

What indicates homeostasis for the system?

set point

What is a habit?

a behavior that continually reduces a drive

What three major theories explain emotion?

James-Lange theory, Cannon-Bard Theory, Two-factor Theory

James-Lange Theory

emotions result from the experience of physiological reactions in the body; stimulus - bodily response - emotion

example of the James-Lange Theory

grizzly bear approaching - increased heart rate - feeling of fear

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotions and bodily responses both occur simultaneously due to the ways that parts of the brain process information; stimulus - brain processes - emotion/bodily response

example of Cannon-Bard Theory

grizzly bear approaching - specific brain regions processing stimulus and create a sense of emotion - feeling of fear/increased heart rate

Two-factor Theory

how we experience emotion is influenced by the cognitive label we apply to explain the physiological changes we have experienced; stimulus - bodily response - emotion label - emotion

example of Two-factor Theory

grizzly bear approaching - increased heart rate - “the bear is scary I’m afraid of it” - feeling of fear

achievement motivation

need or desire to attain a certain standard of excellence

self-efficacy

an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce

how does self-efficacy affect your achievemets?

the expectation that your efforts will lead to success

what type of goals are usually most successful?

goals that are challenging but not overwhelming

what is delaying gratification?

the act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future

(self-regulation)

low self-efficacy

no motivation/failure

no attempt

high self-efficacy

higher motivation/success

harder goals

emotion

feelings that involve physical responses, changes in thoughts and actions, and personal evaulation

what are the two dimensions that emotions vary on?

valence (positive/negative) and arousal (high/low)

facial-feedback hypothesis

moving facial muscles creates the emotion

ex) smiling makes you happy

what theory of emotion is the facial feedback hypothesis related to?

James-Lange Theory

how is the amygdala related to fear?

processes of emotional significance of stimuli and generates immediate emotional and behavioral reactions

what two ways does information reach the amygdala?

the “quick and dirty way” and the somewhat slower way

what is the “quick and dirty” way responsible for?

being ready to respond to a threat

what is the somewhat slower way responsible for?

establishing and understanding a threat

Duchenne smiles

real smiles

What are the 6 key universal emotions?

happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, disgust

what emotions are related to perception?

surprise - increasing perception (positive)

fear - increasing perception (negative)

disgust - decreasing perception

attributions

explanations people give for outcomes

personal attributions

explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to people’s internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts

situational attributions

explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to external events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other people’s actions

fundamental attribution error

tendency to overemphasize the personality traits and underestimate situational factors

self-fulfilling prophecy

tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people’s expectations

prejudice

negative feelings, opinions, an beliefs associated with a stereotype

stereotyping

a fixed, oversimplified, and often biased belief about a group of people

discrimination

inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based on the groups they belong to

modern racism

subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs

shooter bias

a proposed form of implicit racial bias which refers to the apparent tendency among the police to shoot black civilians more often than white civilians, even when they are unarmed.

robbers cave study

two groups of boys were invited to participate in a summer camp experience

during the first week groups were isolated from each other and focused on building unity and cohesion

during the second week groups were brought together in a competitive tournament, where groups became more hostile toward on another

during the third week the groups were brought together to interact in noncompetitive ways

attitude

evaluation of an object along a positive-negative dimension

three elements of attitudes (ABCs)

A - Affect, B - Behavior, C - Cognition

cognitive dissonance

uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

postdecisional dissonance

occurs after making a decision that is irrevocable, or that would be very difficult to reverse

social facilitation

when the mere presence of others enhances performance

social loafing

tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task, especially when individual contributions can’t be measured

conformity

altering of your own behaviors and opinions to match those of other people or to match other people’s expectations

informative social influence

influence of other people that results from taking their comments or actions as a source of information about what is correct, proper, or difficult

normative social influence

conformity based on the desire to be liked or socially accepted

compliance

tendency to agree with things requested by others

foot-in-the-door technique

if you agree to a small request, you are more likely to comply with a larger request

door-in-the-face technique

if you refuse a larger request, you are more likely to comply with a smaller request

reciporcity

type of compliance where people feel obligated to give to someone who has given to us

authority

type of compliance where people do what those who are experts/seem like authority figures say

scarcity

type of compliance where rare opportunities are more valuable than plentiful opportunities

commitment and consistency

type of compliance where people’s desire to be consistent leads us to comply with requests

liking

type of compliance where we say yes to those we like

social proof

type of compliance where we determine what is correct by finding out what other people think is correct

the Milgrim experiment

“study of learning” experiment where participants were instructed to shock another participant for any wrong answer, with each wrong answer havng an increased shock value

during the experiment, confederates (actors) begin to scream in pain and demand the experiment to be over

experimenter instructs participants to continue

deindividuation

state of reduced individuality, self-awareness, and attention to personal standards; this phenomenon may occur when people are part of a group

bystander apathy

failure to offer help to people in need

diffusion of responsibility

way of bystander apathy where people fail to act because they assume others will act instead

pluralistic ignorance

way of bystander apathy where people fail to act because if no one else seems alarmed, we may assume no action is required

4 predators of attraction in relationships

proximity, similarity, reciprocal liking, physical attractiveness

proximity

describes how often people come into contact

mere exposure effect; people like familiar things more than unfamiliar things

similarity

birds of a feather idea; people with similar attitudes, values, interests, backgrounds, personalities, and levels of attractiveness tend to like each other more than people who are dissimilar

reciprocal liking

we like those who like us

physical attractiveness

some standards of beauty, such as preferences for particular body types, appear to change over time and across cultures

“what is beautiful is good” stereotype

triangular theory of love

romantic relationships are composed of three main elements - passion, intimacy, commitment