Child Development Exam 3

Identity

Beliefs, values, memories, relationships, and experiences that define who we are; considered to be fluid.

Minority Identity

More likely to draw attention.

Concept of "Me"

(develops at 2 years)
Mirror self-recognition
Pronouns
Visual perspective
Possessiveness
Name

Autobiographical Memory

Coherent set of memories about ones life.

Industry v. Inferiority

Child desires to prove their ability to perform tasks.

Social Comparison

Comparing oneself to others; helps to more realistically consider other perspectives.

Identity v. Role Confusion

Figuring out what you want to be/become.

Self-Complexity

Defining self in multiple ways and thinking abstractly.

Marcia's Identity Status

The process by which crisis and commitment leads to identity development.

Identity Diffusion

Lack of commitment and crisis.

Identity Foreclosure

Firm commitment with lack of question/crisis.

Identity Moratorium

Active exploration of an identity with little commitment.

Identity Acheivement

Readiness to commit to an identity after active exploration.

Rite of Passage

Formal, socially constructed ritual to signify identity development, "coming-of-age".

Trends in Self-Esteem

High in preschool years but declines throughout development
Higher in men
Good to be high, but not in excess
Promoted through process-based praise
Inhibited by too much social entertainment

Thin Ideal

Unrealistic portrayal of thinness for women.

Muscular Ideal

Unrealistic portrayal of muscularity for men.

Impression Management

Controlling others perceptions.

Gender Identity

your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female, developed as early as 2 years old.

Gender Stability

Convinced that certain toys, clothes, and hairstyles are appropriate for girls or boys, developed by age 4-5.

Gender Constancy

Increased awareness of sex/gender differences, age 5-7. Thought to be permanent by age 8.

Sex

Biological differences.

Gender

Socialized differences based on roles and behaviors that are reinforced.

Gender Expression

How you present your gender.

Intersex

Umbrella term for differences in sex traits.

Cisgender

Identifying as same sex assigned at birth.

Transgender

Refers to the many ways gender identity can differ from sex assigned at birth.

Gender Non-Conforming

Don't assign to any particular gender identity.

Gender Fluidity

Gender is more fluid than dichotomous.

Queer Attraction Model

Awareness
Exploration
Deepening Commitment
Internalization

Human Rights Campaign

2017 survey across LGBTQ teens in U.S. that reported higher levels of stress, anxiety, rejection, and insecurity.

Behaviorism

Gender consistent with whichever behavior is reinforced.

Social Cognitive Theory

Children imitate gender constant behaviors that they are exposed to.

Humanism

Striving for affirmation from peers.

Evolutionary Theory

Males and females pursue attractiveness in gendered manners.

Racial Socialization

Process of teaching and preparing children about discrimination they may experience.

Effects of Racism

Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
Institutional racism
Microaggressions

Counter Programming

Rewriting the narrative of gender/racial stereotypes.

Dr. Clark's Classic Doll Experiment

Black children preferred playing with a white doll.

Colorism

Discrimination based upon skin tone.

Phinney's Stages of Racial Identity

Diffused racial identity
Racial identity foreclosure
Moratorium
Achieved racial identity

Ethnic/Racial Identity

Knowledge and attitudes about the ethnic/racial group belonged to.

Ethnic/Racial Constancy

Understanding ethnicity/race to be consistent across time and setting.

Moral Judgement

How we reason moral issues/draw conclusions. Influenced by many aspects, emotional and social maturity is foundational.

Prosocial Behavior

Extending helpfulness without personal benefit, from having empathy and sympathy.

Antisocial Behavior

Hurts others deliberately, aggression in childhood is a red flag.

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Pre-conventional
Conventional
Post-conventional

Moral Knowledge

Basic understanding of right and wrong.

Piaget's Stages of Morality

Pre-moral
Heteronomous morality
Immanent judgement
Autonomous morality

Discovery Learning

Children allowed to discover information and understanding for themself.

Guided Play

Children learn in a prepared environment where adults can scaffold learning.

Universal Design

Environment that caters to children with all levels of developmental capabilities.

Make-Believe Play

Strengthens the ability to control impulses and understand social interactions.

Characteristics of Play

Voluntary/spontaneous
For enjoyment
Active engagement
Nonliteral

Play Therapy

Uses play as a form of communicating/triangulating so that children can open up about feelings.

Types of Physical Play

Physical activity
Rhythmic stereotypes
Exercise
Rough-and-tumble

Parten's 6 Levels of Play

Unoccupied
Onlooker
Solitary
Parallel
Associative
Cooperative

Rejected-Aggressive

Rejected by peers due to aggression.

Rejected-Withdrawn

Rejected by peers due to social anxiety

Rejection Sensitivity

How sensitive a child is to rejection.

Clique

An exclusive circle of adolescents with a common purpose.

Crowd

Larger group of adolescents with something in common, but aren't necessarily friends.

Peer Pressure

Encouragement to conform; becomes negative when it defies authority.

Selection

Teens adopt a more homogenous group; selecting those who share values and abandoning those who don't.

Social Competance

"Soft skills", vital for success and linked to prosocial behavior/emotional and relational health.

Parasocial Romantic Relationships

One-sided relationships in which one person is idolized.

Facilitation

Enabling behaviors that would unlikely have happened on their own.

Deviancy Training

Destructive peer support that influences rebellion against authority.

Popular Bully

Uses advanced social intelligence to manipulate peer group and achieve dominance.

Unpopular Bully

Lower levels of social intelligence; attacks and abuses others as a response.

Characteristics of a Bullying Victim

Unaccepted
Anxious/solitary/vulnerable
Social rival
Minority
Internalizing behaviors

Bullying Circle

Systemic Intervention

Clear rules enforced and support offered to victims; more effective than zero-tolerance policy.

Bystander Effect

Refusal to defend a victim or denounce bullying publicly.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)

Developmental disruptions that have lifelong consequences. Prevention includes:
Economic support
Promotion of positive social norms
Ensuring strong start
Teaching skills
Connecting with caring adults/positive activities

Family

Group of related peoples (definition is very fluid).

Nuclear Family

Husband, wife, and children.

Extended Family

Family consisting of the nuclear family and their blood relatives

Shared Environment

Influence that diminishes with age (family).

Non-Shared Environment

Influence that expands with age (friends/school).

Family Structure

Family type based upon the constellation of family.

Supports Success in Single Parent Household

Financial stability
Emotional stability
Father involvement
Parents on good terms
Stress management
Outside support

Coparenting

Shares responsibilities, promotes time spent with child, and encourages connectedness.

Open Adoption

Child and birth parents and still in contact.

Semi-Open/Mediated Adoption

Open and informed, but not overly-involved.

Fostering

Temporary living arrangement with another family or relative. Inability to build foundation in a consistent environment leads to poor outcomes.

Family Function

The way a family works to meet each member's needs; function is more important than form.

Children's Needs

Physical necessities
Learning
Self-respect
Peer relationships
Harmony/stability
Safety, love, and belonging

Parenting

Highly variable, most significant influence in child's life.

Inductive Discipline

Sets clear limits, consequences, and expectations for behavior.

Command Strategy

Parents express authority with no explanation.

Mutually Responsive Orientation

Both parent and child cooperate in an emotionally positive relationship.

Psychological Control

Manipulating a child to comply.

Power Assertion

Exerting superiority/power in order to acheive child's compliance.

Baumrind's Parenting Style Dimensions

Expression of warmth
Strategies of discipline
Communication
Expectations for maturity

Authoritative Parenting

High control, high warmth :)

Authoritarian Parenting

High control, low warmth :/

Permissive Parenting

Low control, high warmth :/

Disengaged Parenting

Low control, low warmth :(

Acceptance/Responsiveness

Expression of warmth from parent.