Chapters 13 and 14 term

alveoli

a) air sacs at end of bronchioles; 300,000,000 w/in lungs
b) They allow for the exchange of gases (O2 & CO2) in respiration thru alveolar wall & capillaries
c) surfactant – 5% of alveolar cells secrete this detergent-like substance to keep sacs from collapsing
(decreases surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli, permitting expansion; synthetic lung
surfactant to tx pts w/respiratory distress syndrome)

alveolus

tiny air sac terminal element of the respiratory tract

apnea

absence of spontaneous respiration

asbestosis

lung disease caused by the inhalation of asbestos particles

asthma

episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways

atelectasis

collapse of part of a lung

bradypnea

slow breathing

bronchi

a) 2 main branches (rt & lft primary bronchus) which carries air from trachea into lungs

bronchus

1) (pl. bronchi)
a) 2 main branches (rt & lft primary bronchus) which carries air from trachea into lungs
2) Branches divide & subdivide
3) Left lung has 2 lobar/secondary bronchi; Right lung has 3 lobar/secondary bronchi
4) bronchioles
5) alveolus

bronchiectasis

chronic dilation of the bronchi following inflammatory disease and obstruction

bronchiole

Smallest subdivision of bronchial tree

bronchiolitis

inflammation of the small bronchioles

bulla

bubble-like dialated structure

cilia

hairlike motile projection from the surface of a cell

concha

shell shaped bone on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

choncae

(turbinate bones) – 3 bony ridges on medial wall of each nasal cavity. Below each concha is a
passageway (meatus)

coryza

viral inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose

crackle

explosive popping sound due to the sudden opening of small airways or air moving through secretions

rale

rattle

cricoid

ring shaped that connects larynx to the trachea.

cystic fibrosis

genetic disease in which excessive viscid mucus obstructs passages including bronchi

decongestant

agent that reduces the swelling and fluid in the nose and sinuses

diaphragm

a) Dome-shaped skeletal muscle that separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
b) Right side slightly higher than the left

dyspnea

difficulty breathing

emphysema

dialation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

empyema

pus in a body cavity particularly in the pleural cavity

epiglottis

uppermost cartilage, thin, leaf-shaped structure posterior to root of tongue, automatically covers
entrance of larynx when swallowing to prevent food/liquid from entering airway.

epistaxis

nosebleed

eupnea

normal breathing

expectorate

cough up and spit out mucus from respiratory tract

fissure

separate lobes from each other
deep furrow or cleft

glottis

upper opening of larynx

glucocorticosteroid

hormone of the adrenal cortex that influences glycogen metabolism and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect

hemoptysis

bloody sputum

hemothorax

blood in the pleural cavity

hilum

-site where each lung receives its bronchus, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels.
-the site where nerves and blood vessels enter and leave an organ

hypercapnia

abnormal increase of carbon dioxide in the arterial bloodstream

hyperpnea

deeper and more rapid breathing than normal

hypoxemia

decreased levels of oxygen in blood

hypoxia

decrease below normal levels of oxygen in tissues, gases, or blood

idiopathic

pertaining to a disease of unknown etiology

inhalation

the process of breathing in

exhalation

the process of breathing out

inspiration

diaphragm contracts on inhalation, flattening downward & permitting lungs to expand. Increases volume of thoracic cavity and reduces pressure in airways. External intercostal muscles lift chest wall up & out to further expand thoracic cavity.

expiration

diaphragm relaxes, rising to its dome-shaped position and compressing the lungs. Intercostal muscles relax and thoracic cavity goes back to original volume.

larynx

1) Air enters from nasal cavities/mouth thru pharynx to
2) Tube composed of cartilage (3 single, 3 paired = 9 total) that begins at the pharynx and forms the initial
segment of the respiratory tree, extending from the base of the tongue to the trachea.
3) Glottis
4) Epiglottis
5) Thyroid cartilage
6) Cricoid cartilage
7) Contains vocal cords
a) 2 thin, reed-like folds of tissue w/in larynx that vibrate as air passes between them producing sounds
b) Muscle of cords pull them closer together w/varying tautness.
c) High-pitched sounds is produced by taut cords, lower pitch produced by more relaxed cords.
d) Male cords longer and thicker, vibrate more slowly & produce lower-pitched sounds
8) Also known as Voice Box

larynx

organ of voice production

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

laryngoscope

hollow tube with a light and camera used to visualize or operate on the larynx

lobectomy

surgical removal of a lobe of the lungs

lungs

1) Organs of respiration
2) 2 conical, soft, sponge-like organs in thoracic cavity, base sits on diaphragm and inner surface lies alongside
mediastinum.
3) inspiration and expiration

structure of lungs

right lung (superior, middle, inferior)
left lung (superior and inferior)

mediastinum

Space bet lungs, contains heart, esophagus, trachea, great bld vessels, thymus (impt in newborn immune response, essential to T lymph cell maturation) lymph nodes & connective tissue.

mesothelioma

cancer arising from the cells lining pleural or peritoneum

nares

(nostrils) contain internal hairs to prevent large particles from entering.
a) Air goes thru then into the vestibule of the nasal cavity which is lined with a mucous membrane to help trap dust and solid pollutants.

nasal septum

partition bet rt & lft nasal cavities

nebulizer

device used to deliver liquid medicine in a fine mist for inhalation

nose

Nares
Nasal Septum
Conchae
Paranasal, Frontal and Maxillary sinuses

functions of nose

a) Passageway for air
b) Air cleanser
c) Air moisturizer
d) Air warmer
e) Sense of smell (olfaction)

olfaction

a) location in superior region of nasal cavity
b) 12 million receptor cells in a patch of epithelium (quarter size). Each cell has cilia (hair-like structures)
c) Sense of taste is influenced by sense of smell

parenchyma

lung specific functional cells supported by thin connective stroma.

pharynx

air tube from the back of the nose to the larynx

functions of pharynx

1) Food & airway passageway
a) air from nasal cavities/mouth thru pharynx to larynx
b) food from mouth thru pharynx to esophagus to stomach

nasopharynx

- Located at the back of nose, above the soft palate & uvula
- Air moves through
- Lined with a mucous membrane that includes goblet cells (produce mucus)
- Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil) – lymphoid tissue located behind the nasal cavity
(tabers: lymphatic tissue on the roof of the posterior wall of the pharynx)

oropharynx

- Located below the soft palate & above the epiglottis
- Air, food & drink pass thru
- Contains Palatine & Lingual tonsils – lymphoid tissue
- (tabers: palatine tonsils – lymphoid tissue on each side of oral pharynx bet glossopalatine & pharyngopalatine arches; lingual tonsil – mass of lymphoid tissue located in the root of the tongue)

laryngopharynx

- Located below the tip of the epiglottis
- Epiglottis closes off the trachea so food can’t enter airway.
- Food and drink pass through

pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

phlegm

abnormal amounts of mucus expectorated from respiratory tract

pleural tap

thoracentesis
insertion of a needle into the pleural cavity to withdraw fluid or air

pleura

serous membrane covering each lung & lining the thoracic cavity; reflected upon walls of thorax &
diaphragm

pleural cavity

space between pleura that contains serous fluid / pleural fluid (thin film of lubricant)

pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

pneumonectomy

surgical removal of lung

pneumonia

inflammation of the lung parenchyma

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity

pyothorax

empyema in a pleural cavity

respiration

a) The exchange of O2 & CO2 bet the atmosphere & body cells
b) Breathing normally occurs every 3-5 sec

components of respiration

-ventilation
-pulmonary exchange of gases
-gas transport
-peripheral gas exchange

respiratory system functions

-exchange of gases
-regulation of blood pH
-protection
-voice production
-olfaction

respiratory tract organs

nose
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi and bronchioles (airways)
alveoli

respiratory tract upper

Nasal cavity
Sinuses – air-filled spaces
Pharynx- food & air passageway
Larynx

respiratory tract lower

Trachea – main airway to lungs
Lungs – provide O2 to capillaries and exhale CO2
Bronchi – Branch from traches into each lung, network of passages that supply
Diaphragm

rhinitis

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

rhinoplasty

surgical procedure to change the size or shape of the nose

rhoncus

wheezing sound heard on an auscultation of the lungs made by air passing through a constricted lumen

wheeze

musical sound of the airways associated with asthma

sinus

air-filled spaces

sinusitis

inflammation of the lining of the sinus

spirometer

an instrument that is used to measure respiratory volumes

sputum

matter coughed up and spat out by individuals with respiratory disorders

stridor

high pitched noise made when there is respiratory obstruction in the larynx or trachea

surfactant

a protein and fat compound that creates surface tension to hold the lung alveolar walls apart

tachypnea

rapid breathing

thoracocentsis

a procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest.

thorax

the trunk between the abdomen and neck

thyroid

Adam’s apple / laryngeal prominence – principal cartilage of larynx
-gland in neck

tonsil

either of two small masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat, one on each side of the root of the tongue.
(palatine, pharyngeal (commonly referred to as the adenoid), lingual and tubal)

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

trachea

1) Passageway for air from larynx to bronchi; also known as windpipe

functions of trachea

9-15 cm long, runs midline of neck along front of esophagus extending from larynx into thorax, dividing into the right and left bronchi. 15-20 stacked C shaped rings of cartilage with opening along the back wall of
trachea and are closed by the trachealis muscle. Tracheal rings are elastic and it can bend and stretch. Lined with mucosa made of ciliated epithelium that sweeps mucus, trapped dust & pathogens upward.