CVA Final

amniote

limbed vertebrates in which the embryo develops within a set of protective extra-embryonic membranes

3 extra-embryonic membranes formed by amniotes

amnion, chorion, allantois

unique characteristics of synapsids

a single pair of openings in the lateral skull

front teeth are different from the back teeth

limbs are positioned under the body

unique characteristics of diapsids

two pairs of lateral openings in the skull

diapsids are the ancestral group to

dinosaurs, crocodilians, lizards, snakes, birds

unique to archosaurs

preorbital fenestrae

thecodont teeth

archosaurs are the ancestral group to which types of vertebrates?

crocodilians, birds, non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs

are pterosaurs dinosaurs

no

What is unique about the position of the sensory organs in crocodilians?

t**he sensory organs are placed on top of the head in what is called minimum exposure posture**

What are the two main groups of non-avian dinosaurs?

**Saurischians**

**Ornithoscelidans**

What is one trait that differentiates the saurischians from the ornithoscelidans?

**Pelvic structure similar to lizards**

Which taxonomic group includes sauropodomorphs?

**Saurischians**

What are some anatomical traits of sauropodomorphs?

**Long necks**

**Long tails**

**Quadrupedal**

**Grow to very large sizes**

What species is an example of a sauropodomorph?

***Euhelopus***

which pelvic bone is important in differentiating between saurischians and ornithoscelidans? Which way does it face in saurischians? Which way does it face in ornithoscelidans?

**The pubis. In saurischians it angles forward. In ornithoscelidans it angles backward.**

What are some anatomical traits of theropods?

**Pelvic structure similar to birds**

**Bipedal** \n **Three-toed limbs** \n **Hollow bones**

What is an example of a theropod species?

***Tyrannosaurus rex***

What are some anatomical traits of ornithischians?

**Pelvic structure similar to birds** \n **Predentary bone at the tip of the lower jaw Beaks**

What is an example of an ornithischian species?

***Triceratops***

Which group of non-avian dinosaurs did birds evolve from?

**Theropods**

What are two groups of synapsids?

**Pelycosaurs**

**Therapsids**

What are some traits of pelycosaurs?

**Two types of teeth**

**Quadrupedal**

**Possess a dorsal sail**

Are pelycosaurs dinosaurs?

**No**

What species is an example of a pelycosaur?

***Dimetrodon***

What are some traits of therapsids?

**Larger temporal fenestra**

**More differentiated teeth**

**More movement of the limbs**

Therapsids can be roughly divided into non-cynodont and cynodont groups. What are some traits of non-cynodont therapsids?

**Increased metabolic rate**

**Expanded dentary bone**

**Incomplete secondary palate**

What are two examples of non-cynodont therapsids

***Anteosaurus***

***Gorgonops***

What is a unique trait of *Anteosaurus*?

**Interlocking incisor teeth**

What is a unique trait of *Gorgonops*?

**Endothermic**

**Long legs**

**Saber teeth**

What are unique traits of cynodonts?

**Complete secondary palate**

**Nasal turbinates** \n **A calcaneal heel** \n **No lumbar ribs**

What is significant about the presence of a calcaneal heel?

**A calcaneal heel allows for pushing off of the ground**

What is significant about the lack of lumbar ribs?

**This implies the presence of a diaphragm**

Which group of therapsids gave rise to mammals?

**Cynodonts**

What are two groups of mammaliaformes that are not considered to be true mammals?

***Triconodon***

***Morganucodon***

What are the characteristics of mammals?

**Hair or fur** \n **Warm blooded/endothermic** \n **Young are fed milk from the mammary glands**

**Complex brain**

What are the three groups of living mammals?

**Monotremes**

**Marsupials**

**Eutherians**

What is the defining reproductive trait of monotremes?

**Lay eggs**

What is an example of a monotreme?

**Platypus**

What is the defining reproductive trait of marsupials?

**Young are born immature and develop within a pouch**

What is an example of a marsupial?

**Kangaroo**

What is the defining reproductive trait of eutherians?

**A placenta allows for long development within the uterus.**

What is an example of a eutherian?

**Humans**

What are the anatomical traits of primates?

**Shortened muzzles**

**Forward facing eyes** \n **A large brain** \n **Prehensile hands and feet. Hands have opposable thumbs Nails instead of claws**

What is an example of a strepsirrhine primate?

**A lemur**

What is an anatomical feature that strepsirrhines have that affects their sense of smell? Do haplorrhine primates have this structure?

**A rhinarium. Haplorrhine primates do not have this structure.**

What is unique about the Tarsiidea?

**Tarsiidea are the only primates to be fully carnivorous/insectivorous**

In what part of the world did platyrrhine primates evolve?

**Platyrrhines are the new world monkeys, evolving in the Americas**

In what part of the world did catarrhine primates evolve?

**Catarrhines are the old-world monkeys and apes, evolving in Africa and Asia.**

What are the unique traits of Hominoidea?

**Lack tails** \n **Fewer lumbar vertebrae Y-shaped cusps on the molars Arboreal lifestyle** \n **Orthograde body posture**

What types are primates are included in the Hominidae?

**The great apes – orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans**

What are the unique traits of hominid primates?

**Large body size** \n **Males are larger than females**

**Lack ischial callosities**

What is the definition of hominin?

**Humans and all of their extinct relatives since the last common ancestor with chimpanzees and bonobos**

Are orangutans considered to be hominins?

No

What is unique about the pelvis of *Ardipithecus*?

**The pelvis of** ***Ardipithecus*** **shows adaptations combining tree climbing and bipedalism**

What type of environment did *Ardipithecus* live in?

**A wooded environment**

What is unique about the toes of *Ardipithecus?*

**There is a grasping big toe combined with a rigid foot**

What features of *Australopithecus* support bipedalism?

**Foramen magnum positioned ventrally** \n **Short, broad pelvis** \n **Knees positioned over the ankles**

**Lack of opposable big toes**

Based on the teeth, what kind of diet did *Australopithecus* most likely eat?

**Mainly a plant-based diet**

Lucy is the most famous specimen of *Australopithecus afarensis*. What features of Lucy’s skeleton indicate that she was an adult?

**Her growth plates and the sutures in her skull had fused completely and her wisdom teeth had erupted and were worn.**

List the unique features of the skull of *Paranthropus* species

**Prominent brow ridge** \n **Flaring cheekbones** \n **Pronounced sagittal crest**

**Large jaws**

**Very large molars**

What is special about the teeth of *Paranthropus*? What does this indicate about their diet?

**The cheek teeth or molars are very large and have the thickest enamel of any known early human. They needed to generate a lot of jaw force indicating that seeds, nuts, and tough vegetation were a part of their diet.**

What is the function of flaring cheekbones and the pronounced sagittal crest on *Paranthropus* skulls?

**Muscle attachment for the muscles of the jaws.**

What are four defining traits of the genus *Homo*?

**Bipedalism**

**Creation and use of complex tools**

**Language** \n **Large brain size**

Which species of *Homo* first showed evidence of eating meat?

***Homo habilis***

Which species *Homo* first showed body proportions similar to those of modern humans?

***Homo erectus***

What four innovations are associated with *Homo erectus*/*Homo ergaster*?

**Hand axes**

**Caring for old and weak group members**

**Campfires** \n **Leaving Africa**

Which hominin species did *Homo erectus* coexist with?

\n \n ***Paranthropus boisei**Homo habilis**Homo floresiensis***

***Homo sapiens***

What is the scientific name of the species nicknamed “hobbits”?

***Homo floresiensis***

Where are the specimens of the “hobbits” found?

**The island of Flores, Indonesia**

What is the definition on insular dwarfism?

**The process and condition of large animals evolving or having a reduced body size when the population range is limited to a small environment such as an island.**

What are unique anatomical characteristics of *Homo neanderthalensis*?

**Shorter and stockier than modern humans** \n **Heavy brow ridges** \n **Large noses**

**Oval shaped skulls**

What social innovations began with *Homo neanderthalensis*?

**Wearing clothing** \n **Ceremonially bury the dead**

When and where did *Homo sapiens* evolve?

**Eastern Africa approximately 300,000 years ago**

What features differentiate the skulls and skeletons of *Homo sapiens* from other species of *Homo*?

**Lighter skeletons** \n **High, vaulted skulls**

**Flat forehead** \n **Smaller jaws and teeth**

What parts of the skeleton have changed in adaptation to bipedalism?

**The foramen magnum**

**Spine** \n **Pelvis** \n **Legs**

**Foot**

What about the foramen magnum is different in bipedal creatures as compared to quadrupeds?

**In bipedal creatures the foramen magnum is positioned on the ventral aspect of the skull rather than caudally**

What are the names of the spinal curvatures that are present in humans?

**The cervical curvature, the thoracic curvature, the lumbar curvature, and the sacral curvature**

How is the shape of the pelvis different in bipeds as compared to quadrupeds?

**In bipeds, the pelvis is broad and bowl-shaped rather than box like**

What are two changes in the bones of the legs related to bipedalism?

**The femurs angle medially, and the knees are positioned over the ankles.**

How do the feet of *Homo sapiens* differ from those of chimpanzees?

**The calcaneus is prominent, the metatarsals arch, and the big toe is parallel to the other toes rather than opposable.**

What are two ways that tool use could have affected brain size?

**Stimulation of portions of the brain associated with visual-motor coordination and planning.** \n **Availability of a higher quality diet.**

What types of stressors does tool use place on hands?

**The need for increased stability**

**The need for better gripping ability**

**The need for stronger thumbs**

What are two differences between the metacarpals of the human hand and those of non-human primates?

**Human metacarpals are generally thicker** \n **The head of the metacarpals are larger in humans that in non-human primates**

How many additional muscles does the human hand have compared with that of chimpanzees? What are the functions of these muscles? \n

**The human hand has three more muscles than chimpanzees. These act to flex the thumb and to bring the thumb closer to the index finger.**

Which three structures changed in the evolution of spoken language?

**The larynx**

**The hyoid**

**The ear**

How is the position of the larynx different in the human throat as compared to that of the chimpanzee? What risks are associated with this change? What sounds are associated with this change?

**The human larynx is descended further into the throat**

**There is an increased risk of choking**

**/a/ /i/ /u/**

What changed in human hearing as language developed? Which sounds does this allow us to hear?

**There is increased sensitivity to higher frequencies. This allows us to better hear /t/ /k/ /f/ and /s/**

What are the functions of Broca’s area in the human brain?

**Broca’s area regulates breathing patterns for speech and controls the vocalizations required for normal speech.**

What are the functions of Wernicke’s area in the human brain?

**Wernicke’s area is involved in speech comprehension**

Define “prevalence”

**The total number of cases of a disease in a particular population at a given time**

Define “congenital”

**A medical condition present and existing at the time of birth**

What parts of the body are affected by Chiari malformations?

**The skull, the foramen magnum, and the cerebellum**

Chiari Type III malformations are the most severe. What happens in a Type III Chiari malformation?

**Portions of the cerebellum and brainstem herniate through an abnormal opening in the back of the skill.**

In which breeds of dog are Chiari-like malformations seen?

**Cavalier King Charles Spaniels**

**Chihuahuas** \n **Maltese**

**Yorkshire terrier**

**Pug** \n **French bulldog**

**Brussels griffon**

**Affenpinscher**

in which breed of dog are Chiari-like malformations most common? What is the estimated prevalence in this breed? \n

**Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. There is an estimated 95% prevalence in this breed.**

What are the four changes of the heart that occur in Tetralogy of Fallot? In combination, what is the effect of these changes? \n

**Ventricular septal defect** \n **Pulmonary stenosis**

**Enlarged and shifted aortic valve** \n **Ventricular hypertrophy** \n **The blood carried to the body is a mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood and has a lower oxygen concentration**

What is prevalence of Tetralogy of Fallot among newborn humans in the United States?

**1 in every 2518 newborns – 0.04%.**

In which other species has Tetralogy of Fallot been reported?

**Dogs, horses, cats**

Define “hip dysplasia”

**Abnormal formation of the hip joint where the acetabulum does not completely cover the head of the femur.**

In which breeds of dog is hip dysplasia most commonly diagnosed?

**German shepherd dogs Rottweilers** \n **Labrador retrievers Golden retrievers**

**Saint Bernards**

**Newfoundlands**