BIO 116 Exam 4

Apical meristems

site of primary growth that results in the plant increasing in height

mitotically active and divides to form an inner layer or secondary xylem and an outer layer of secondary phloem

In woody plants, the vascular cambium initial is

a blade and a petiole

leaves consist of

vascular bundles are scattered throughout

A feature unique to monocot stems

GLABRA-2

root hair formation is regulated by

palisade mesophyll

In most leaves, chloroplast-containing cells are most closely compacted in the

Removing the apical meristem stimulates growth in the axillary buds, thus making the plant bushier

Why does pinching off the top of a plant make it bushier?

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems

The three type of tissues system that are found in all plant organs are

root cap

The layer that covers the apical meristems of a root is called the

one meter off of the ground and deeper embedded into the tree

If you pound a nail into a tree one meter off of the ground and come back to find it in 20 years, it will be

tracheid and vessel elements

water conducting cells of a plant

water uptake stored in large central vacuoles

What accounts for 90% of a plant cells expansion?

parenchyma; mesophyll

Most of photosynthesis in plants takes place in specialized ________ cells, called the _________

sclerenchyma cells

Artichoke hearts are tender and have a strong taste. The leaves have a strong taste too, but most of an artichoke leaves is fibrous and too difficult to chew. The leaves must contain lots of __________

Roots, stems and leaves

are the three basic plants organs

meristems

A region of dividing cells in a plant is called a

stolons and tubers

Evolutionary adaption of stems include

primary growth lengthens roots and shoots and secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants

The difference between primary growth and secondary growth is that

morphological changes that arise from transitions in shoot apical meristem activity

Phase changes are

KNOTTED-1; leaf morphology

A Hox gene homology plant is called ____ and it is important in ________________

elongation cells

Root tips are pushed farther into the soil mainly by

lateral roots enhance the ability of a root system to anchor the plant and acquire resources from the soil.

The main difference between a primary root and a lateral root is that

vascular tissue; stele

The ______ of a root or stem is called the _________

node

Leaves occur at intervals along the plant stem. The region where a leaf is attached to the stem is the _______

Preprophase bands

determine the location where the cell plate will form during cell division.

sieve-tube elements

Sugar-conducting structures of plants are called

fractals

Repetitive patterns in plant growth are

vascular cambium

Annual rings in wood are evidence that in climates with a single annual growing season, the _______ divides actively when water is plentiful and temp are suitable for growth and ceases to divide when water is scarce and weather is cold.

Primary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

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Occurs in plants that only live on year

Primary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Increases exposure to light

Primary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Elongation

Primary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Apical meristems

Secondary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Vascular Cambium

Secondary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Growth in thickness

Secondary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Lateral meristem

Secondary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Provides structural support

Secondary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Increase vascular growth

Secondary Growth

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Cork Cambium

Both

Primary Growth, Secondary Growth or both

\
Occurs in plants that live many years

secondary xylem and phloem

The vascular cambium gives rises to

vascular cambium

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from what cell?

1. detection of light signal
2. activation of photochrome
3. activation of specific protein kinases 1
4. formation of de-etiolation response protein

What are the order of events during de-etiolation?

abscisic acid

The hormone that helps plants responds to drough

There is no dedicated hormone producing organ in plants as there are in animals

What describes a difference between hormonal regulation in plants compared to animals?

phototropism

Auxins frequently interact with other plant hormones to cause a particular process. What process is attributed ONLY to auxin?

ripening fruits

What is the highest ethelyne production in plants?

apical dominace

What plant response requires integration of auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone?

Cut off the tips of the main shoot

You have a small tree in your yard that is the height that you want it, but it does not have many branches. What pruning strategy will trigger increased branches?

Gibberellins

If a farmer wanted less tightly packed clusters of grapes, he would most likely spray the immature bunches with what hormone?

ethelyne

If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket far away, removing what chemical from the plants environment will best prevent premature ripening?

Increase surface area of contact between the root epidermis and the soil solution; Absorb the soil solution in the apoplast and symplast

Root hairs have what roles in absorption and transport of water and minerals?

sugar

A student is performing a chemical analysis of xylem sap. This student should not expect to find much _______

meristems

site of growth and production of new tissues

apical meristems

Apical meristems or Lateral meristems

\
Site of primary growth

apical meristems

Apical meristems or Lateral meristems

\
Increases in length of shoots and roots

lateral meristems

Apical meristems or Lateral meristems

\
Site of secondary growth

lateral meristems

Apical meristems or Lateral meristems

\
Increase in girth/thickness of stem

lateral meristems

Apical meristems or Lateral meristems

\
Only in woody plants

meristematic cells

Cambia are cylinders of _____________

interior

New xylem forms on ______ to cambium

exterior

New phloem forms ________ to vascular cambium

Adjusting growth; adjusting development

What are plants responses to stimuli?

changes in plant growth in response to stimuli

What is de-etiolation?

Tropism

Any growth toward or away from stimulus

apical meristems and young leaves

Where is auxins produced

tips down plant (polar transport)

How are auxins transported

cell elongation

What is the primary purpose of auxin?

Stimulates cell elongation, involved in photo- and gravitropism, promotes vascular differentiation, and enhances apical dominance

What are the functions of auxin?

cytokinesis (cell division)

What does cytokinin stimulate?

root tips, fruits and embryos

Where is cytokinin produced?

Control cell division and differentiation, control of apical dominance

What are the functions of cytokinin?

apical buds, roots, young leaves and embryos

Where is Gibberellins produced?

stem elongation, fruit growth and seed germination

What are the functions of Gibberellins?

gibberellins

After water in imbibed, release of __________ from the embryo signals seeds to germinate

response to mechanical stress, apoptosis, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening

What are the functions of ethylene?

When seedling tip pushes against obstacle

When is triple response produced?

Slower stem elongation, thickening of stem, and curvature to horizontal growth

What are the affects of ethylene triggering triple response?

When ethylene wears off

When does normal growth resume in the triple effect?

herbivores

Hard, tart fruit protects developing seed from _________

animal seed dispersers

Ripe, sweet, soft fruit attracts

break down of cell walls

What causes the softening of fruit?

Conversion of starch to sugar

What causes the sweetening of fruit?

Seed dormancy

What does abscisic acid encourage?

Nitrogen fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

nitrification

Oxidation of nitrogen to a form that can be absorbed and used by plants

Anchor plant, absorb nutrients and water and sore carbohydrates

What are the functions of roots?

taproot

Taproots, fibrous roots or root hairs?

One large vertical root

taproots

Taproots, fibrous roots or root hairs?

many small lateral or branch roots

fibrous roots

Taproots, fibrous roots or root hairs?

Mat of slender roots spreading out

root hairs

Taproots, fibrous roots or root hairs?

Extensions of single plant cells

root hairs

Taproots, fibrous roots or root hairs?

increases absorptive surface area

nodes

points where leaves are attached

internodes

stem segments between nodes

buds

point of growth of shoot

apical bud

a tip of plant/shoot

axillary bud

in nodes of stem

rhizomes

grow underground to spread plant

tubers

grow underground to store carbohydrates

stolons

grow along surface of the ground to spread plant

outgrowth of stems

Where did leaves evolve from