UCSD Anth 23 Final - Stewart

social capital

social networks and the associated norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness

contact hypothesis

being exposed to other people makes you more familiar and trusting toward them

conflict theory

being exposed to others makes you fear them and trust people like you, particularly due to scarcity in resources

bonding social capital

in-group trust

bridging social capital

out-group trust

nation as a whole

admits difference and disagreement among the parts

citizenship

engagement with public institutions

identity

subjective sense of belonging

individual ethnic renewal

when an individual (re)discovers or claims an ethnic identity

Collective ethnic renewal

reconstructing an ethnic community

sovereignty (political definition)

authority and obligation of people within an indigenous polity to determine the extent and nature of their governing authority with regard to their territories and one another

sovereignty (cultural definition)

right of a people to self-government, self-determination, and self-education...includes the right to linguistic and cultural expression according to local languages and norms-right to write, speak and act from a position of agency

affirmative action

any government policy that gives a positive meaning to some non-class/non-economic group difference

colorblind affirmative action

assumes fairness as the norm and addresses acts of discrimination individually

color-conscious affirmative action

makes employers and universities recognize differences and exerts pressure on them to favor non-whites

institutional theory

actors in organizations do not consciously think through everything they do; they often follow various taken-for-granted, cultural rules of legitimacy or appropriateness

scapegoating

affirmative action allows politicians to blame minorities rather than solve problems

colonial feminism

using superficial customs like the veil to justify neocolonial interventions while ignoring things like education and suffrage

feminism

belief that women should not be disadvantaged by their sex, that they should be recognized as having human dignity equal to that of men, and that they should have the opportunity to live as fulfilling and freely chosen lives as men can

multiculturalism

minority cultures or ways of life are not sufficiently protected by the practices of ensuring the individual rights of their members, and as a consequence, these should also be protected through special group rights or privileges

cultural relativism

the belief that an individual's beliefs and actions must be understood from in relation to his or her culture; no culture is better or worse than any other

polyandry

one wife with multiple husbands

polygny

one husband with multiple wives

dowry

bride's family supplies gifts for the new household and/or groom's family

bride wealth

groom's family supplies gifts for the new household and/or bride's family

levirate

widow marries deceased husband's brother

sororate

widower marries deceased wife's sister

racism

individuals and institutions want monoracial and multiracial individuals to choose a category

reference group orientation

tend to identify with one group socially, but internally identify as multiracial

chameleon effect

flexibly fitting in with multiple groups, assimilating and accepting

transnationalism

encouraging identities and citizenship practices that cross national lines; cross-border and homeland links maintained by migrants

citizenisation

turning hierarchical relations into citizenship relations that vary according to groups

desecuritisation of state-minority relations

majority and gov't is suspicious of minority loyalties to Islamic nations, China, etc.

Human rights consensus

minority institutions or self-governance must respect the same individual rights as the majority

great books approach

teach history's most influential works and traditional top-down historical narrative regardless of concerns about diversity

inclusive/revisionist approach

teach influential works from as many cultures as possible and history from multiple perspectives by resurrecting repressed viewpoints

relativistic approach

include both traditional and revisionist perspectives without taking sides

universalism

assimilate minorities and give them all universal human rights

particularism

promote strong ethnic communities

group rights

sovereignty, guaranteed representation, cultural recognition, and/or affirmative action

pluralism or post multiculturalism

benign multiculturalism or tolerance of ethnic differences that are secondary to national unity

Asian American identity

typically referred to as the model minority; views are tied to international affairs; tension between ethnic enclaves and dispersed residential patterns and cultural retention and assimilation

occupation of Alcatraz

connected to Indian sovereignty where Indians reclaimed the once prison as their native land

Japanese Internment

Japanese Americans in the US during WWII were forced to relocate and incarcerated in concentration camps

politics of preemption

the president is the leader of the opposition in a previously dominant party that can still gain political and ideological support; a reason for Nixon's support of affirmative action; allowed him to claim to be pro-civil rights

American Indian termination

relocated from reservations into cities; terminating tribal status; enforce state law on reservations

American Indian economic double bind

need economic resources to exercise sovereignty but it leads other to challenge the legitimacy of their sovereignty and citizenship

anti-miscegenation laws

laws making it illegal to marry someone of a different race

Race Traitor

Originally a leftist idea about race as a

distraction from class struggle;

advocate abolition of white

identity/race

Yellow Peril

Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900; met by increased Western imperialism in region

racial quotas

numerical requirements for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group