Bio Chapters 11-14

evolution

a change in the overall inherited characteristics of a group of organisms over multiple generations

population

a group of individuals of the same species living in a defined area

artificial selection

biological evolution for desired traits caused by humans preforming selective breeding

selective breeding

process by which humans determine which individual with desired characteristics will mate

natural selection

process by which individuals with advantages inherited characteristics for a particular enviornment survive and reproduce at a higher rate

adaptation

an evolutionary process by which a population becomes better matched to it’s enviornment over time through natural selection

fossils

the mineralized remains or impressions of formerly living organisms

The fossil record

enables biologist to reconstruct the history of life on earth, provides some of the strongest evidence for evolution

traditional fossils

evidence of species with some similarities to the ancestral group and some similarities to the descendant species

Indohyus

Oldest cousin of whales

adaptive trait

a feature that gives an individual improved function in a competitive environment

common ancestor

an organism from which many species evolved from

common descent

the sharing of a common ancestor by two or more different species

Homologous trait

similar structures in organisms of common descent, inherited from a common ancestor

vestigal traits

trait many organisms have because of a common descent, inherited from a common ancestor, but not useful anymore

DNA sequence similarity

a measure of how closely related two DNA molecules are to eachother

Biogeography of a species

the geographic location where its fossils will be found

embryonic development

how an organism develops from a zygote into its full form at birth, similarities in different organisms show in this stage

can an individual evolve

no

there are animals that have DNA sequences for genes for some of the same proteins as humans do what does this suggest

humans and these animals evolved from common descent from a common ancestor

which of the following is not evidence for evolution by natural selection

the great diversity of domestic dogs

if a homologous trait is no longer useful in a specific organism then it is referred to as

vestigial

which of the following were adaptive traits of Indohyus

none of these

staphylococcus aureus

benign bacterium commonly found on human skin, cured with penicillin

alleles

different versions of the same gene

gene

sequence of DNA

phenotype

what is visible in a population

genotype

the complete gene library of the organism

allele frequencies

percentage of a specific allele in a population

directional selection

when individuals of one extreme of a phenotype have the advantages over others (most common)

stabilizing selection

when individuals with an intermediate value of an inherited phenotype have the advantage

disruptive selection

when individuals of either extreme of an inherited phenotype have the advantage over the intermediate (medium) forms (least common survival method)

convergent evolution

results in organisms that appear much alike despite vastly dissimilar genetics

analogous traits

the characteristics that result from convergent evolution

mutation

a change in the sequence of any segment of DNA in an organism and generates new alleles in species

gene flow

the exchange of alleles among populations

horizontal gene transfer

the process by which bacteria pass genes to one another resulting in gene flow

conjunction tubes

bacteria send plasmids to each other through these tunnels

conjunction

physical process of horizontal gene transfer through bacteria

genetic drift

a change in allele frequencies in a population due to random differences in survival rates

genetic bottleneck

a drop in the size of a population for at least one generation that causes a loss of genetic variation

founder effect

occurs when a small group of individuals establish a new population isolated from its original larger population

sexual dimorphism

species whose males and females are distinctly different in apperance

sexual selection

when nature selects a trait that increases an individuals chance of mating

which of the following is the only one that can generate new alleles

mutation

in order to contribute to the evolution of one’s species an individual must survive in its environment long enough to

reproduce

a population of mammals displays a variety of fur thicknessess, overtimes climate cools, and the thickest fur survives the best live longer reproduce and pass their genes on, what kind of natural selection is represented

directional selection

horizontal gene transfer is an example of what

gene flow

a genetic bottleneck is a type of genetic drift

a population is reduced to very few individuals and alleles are lost

adaptation

commonly applied to adaptive traits or the process of evolution through natural selection that brings about adaptive traits

species

members of a group that can and do mate with one another and reproduce fertile offspring

morphology

the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts

speciation

the process by which one species splits to form two or more species, occurs because of genetic divergence

genetic divergence

the accumulation of differences in the DNA sequences of genes in two or more populations of organisms overtime, results in population becoming more and more genetically dissimilar

geographic isolation

when a geographic barrier prevents populations from getting together to mate blocking gene flow

allopatric speciation

the formation of new species from geographically isolated populations

ecological isolation

the idea that two closely related species in the same area are reproductively isolated by minor differences in habitat

coevolution

when the interaction between two species so strongly influences their survival that they have evolved together

sympatric speciation

the formation of new species in the absense of geographic isolation

polyploidy

a condition in which an individual gains an extra full set or more of chromosomes

reproductive barrier

exists between two species when they are reproductivley isolated from each other

prezygotic

acts before the zygote exists

post zygotic

acts after the zygote is formed

zygote

fertilized egg

ecological isolation

the two species breed in different portions of their habitat in different seasons or at different times of the day, preventing mating

behavioral isolation

the two species respond poorly to each others courtship displays or mating behaviors, preventing mating

mechanical isolation

physically unable to mate

gametric isolation

the gametes of the two species cannot fuse or they survive poorly in the reproductive tract of the other species, preventing fertalization

zygote death

zygote fails to develop properly

hybrid sterility

hybrids survive but are unable to produce viable offspring

hybrid performance

hybrids survive poorly or reproduce poorly

prezygotic barriers

barriers that prevent a male gamete and a female gamete to fuse to form a zygote

what is a species

a group of population that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

which of the following can create reproductive isolation

all the above

buff-tailed sickle bill hummingbirds have a strongly recurved bill that exactly matches the species favorite food, flowers

coevolution

horses and donkeys can reproduce and have viable offspring, a mule, mules are not fertile and can not reproduce what barrier to reproduce is happening here

hybrid sterility

in order for speciation to occur what must happen

blockage of gene flow

archaeopteryx

150 million year old fossil that resembles a bird and a reptile

the universal ancestor

all living organisms descended from this common hypothetical ancestral cell, and then all life emerged

biological diversity

the variety of all the world’s living things, and their interactions, can be described at the level of genes, species, or entire ecosystems

what are the 3 domains of life

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

lineage

line of descent from a common ancestor

theropods

fast-moving, two legged, hollow bones, group of dinosaurs

evolutionary tree

a model of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms based on similarites and differences in their DNA, physical features

clade

a branch on the evolutionary tree, a given ancestor and its descendants

nodes

marks the moment in time when an ancestral group split, or diverged into two seperate lineages

most recent common ancestor

the most immediate ancestor that both lineages share

shared derived traits

unique features common to all members of a group that originated in the groups most recent common ancestor

early bird fossils had

feathers, small thick skulls, two toes on each feet

archaeopteryx had

feathers, long pointed skull, 3 toes on each foot

4 distinct kingdoms

protista, plantae, fungi, animalia

protista

a diverse, single-celled group that includes amoebas, and algae

plantae

encompasses all plants

fungi

includes mushrooms, molds, and yeasts

animalia

encompasses all animals including dinosaurs birds and humans

the linnaean hierarchy

a system of biological classification devised in the 18th century by the swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus

linnaean hierarchy most specific to most inclusive

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom

humans scientific name

homosapiens

neanderthals scientific name

homo neanderthalensis

Cambrian Explosion led to

dramatic increase in the diversity of life and created the first predator and prey