Unit 7 Flashcards- Apush

Louisiana Purchase

Territories that people began migrating westwards into. Purchased by Thomas Jefferson from France in 1803, for a very low price, grew the boundaries of the States.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817- an agreement between British Canada and the United States, limiting naval military forces on the Great Lakes

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819- Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States

Empresarios

Obtained land grants from Spain if they brought emigrants to Texas.

Stephen Austin

Texas empresario, settled 300 families in Texas. Favored working with the Mexican government regarding conflicts.

Benjamin Edward

Led a small rebellion in Texas against Mexican government. Declared that settlements in Texas now constituted its own nation (Fredonia)

President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president at the time of Texas conflicts

Stephen Austin arrested

-Austin had favored worked with Mexican government
-settlers wanted to establish their own nation
-Austin conceded to will of the people and delivered the new constitution
-arrested for treason by Santa Anna

1835 Mexican Constitution

Attempt at centralizing Mexican power and reducing internal conflicts. Cancelled American trading rights in Santa Fe and forbade the Texans to exercise the considerable
autonomy they had enjoyed.

Sam Houston

Former Tennessee governor who became leader of the Texas army.

Battle of Gonzales

First Battle of the Texas Revolution. Resulted in Texan victory and Mexican withdrawal.

The Alamo

an abandoned mission near San Antonio that became an important battle site in the Texas Revolution

William B. Travis

Military leader of Texas at the Alamo, died during the battle.

David Crockett

Died at Alamo siege while fighting, frontiersman and Tennessee politician.

Jim Bowie

Killed at battle of Alamo, became an important legend in Texas history.

Battle of Goliad

Commanded by James Fannin, chose to surrender rather than lose. Santa Anna ordered all 400 troops to be executed.

Battle of San Jacinto

Final battle of Texas revolution, led by Sam Houston. His forces defeated Santa Anna's army.

Nueces River / Rio Grande River Dispute

Texas claimed the Rio Grande as their southernmost border. Mexico claimed the Nueces River as their northern border, which was north of the Rio Grande. The strip of land in between became known as the Nueces Strip.

President who opposed annexation of Texas

Martin Van Buren

Fear for Texas Annexation

-The balance between slave and free states in the Senate would be thrown off, the heated debate on the topic would become more complicated
-Annexation would lead to war with Mexico

Spanish Oregon Occupation

Nominal. Influence ended at Sonoma, CA.

Russian Oregon Occupation

Based on fur trade, didn't escalate because few Russians wanted to migrate so far from home

Mountain Men

Fur traders and trappers in the Rocky Mountains, some assimilated with Native American cultures.

Jeremiah "Liver Eatin" Johnson

Mountain Man with a vendetta against the Crow Tribe

Jim Beckwourth

Mountain man trapper discovering pass through Sierra Nevadas

Jedediah Smith

Opened South pass in Wyoming, the most followed route for emigrants

Jim Bridger

Mountain man

The Oregon Trail

Bgan in Independence, Missouri in 1843. Traveled towards Oregon. Reasons: free land, gold, spreading religion to indigenous tribes, chance at starting a new life

Jacob Lee

Methodist missionary sent to Oregon to preach gospel to the indigenous tribes

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman

Missionaries in Oregon

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundary disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

John Louis O'Sullivan

Journalist who coined term of Manifest Destiny

Northern Whigs

Feared slavery expanding beyond already existing slave states

Cotton Whigs

Southern Whigs who supported slavery

Conscience Whigs

Northern Whigs who opposed slavery

Martin Van Buren beliefs on Texas annexation

didn't support it but didn't want to alienate Southern Democrats

Democrat view towards annexation

Both Southern and Northern Democrats supported it- Northern feared that Great Britain would seize Texas, Southern wanted to expand slavery

Election of 1844

Democrats nominated Polk, a Dark Horse, who defeated Henry Clay and won.

James K. Polk

1845-1849 Expansionist, Dark Horse

Polk's Presidency- constituents

Famous for making himself very accessible to the people. Seen as a "workaholic".

Polk's Presidential Goals

1. Finalize Oregon Country (line with Britain)
2. Bring California into the Union
3. Establish an Independent Treasury
4. Lower Tariffs (good for South)

Fifty Four Forty or Fight

Polk's campaign slogan, signaling desire to take entirety of Oregon up to Southern boundary of Russia or else US would fight

Revisitation of Webster Ashburton

When the 54'40' line was hard to settle with Britain, Polk offered to extend the Northern Latitude of the Webster Ashburton line

John Slidell

Sent to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from Jose Joaquin Herrera (Mexican president) Was refused by Herrera

General Zachary Taylor

Led American troops in the Mexican-American War, took men to the Rio Grande

Polk declares war

A small fight at the border broke out, Polk got impatient and declared state of war. His actions were approved by both the House and Senate in 1846

Stephen W. Kearny

American general leading troops to Santa Fe, occupied it peacefully

Bear Flag Republic

California, declared independence from Mex. Pro-America

Battle of Buena Vista

1847-Zachary Taylor was successful in leading troops to defeat Santa Anna, End of Mexican/American War

General Winfield Scott

Led fight in Mexico City, captured the capital. Followed same path as Hernando Cortez- Halls of Montezuma

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended Mexican/American War. Gave the US the Rio Grande Boundary, California, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, Nevada.
US paid Mex. 15 million and assumed 3 million of Mexican debt

Abolitionist view on Mexican/American War

Hated it, believed it was being fought for slave owners to expand the institution

Wilmot Provisio

Rider bill proposing no slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico. Did not pass

Leader of anti-Wilmot Provisio

John C. Calhoun

Free Soil Party

Split from Democrats, advocated against slavery in the new territories for economic reasons

Lewis Cass

Proposed popular sovereignty to solve slave/free state debate

Election of 1848

Democrats nominated Lewis Cass. Free Soil nominated Van Buren. Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor. Taylor was an army general and won

Zachary Taylor's Presidency

Anti-secession, against using veto power. Appealed to both Southern and Northern Voters. War hero, pro slavery

Northern strengths

more economically developed, higher population, more factories, 3x more railroads, higher production capacity, telegraph lines

Southern Strengths

Political power, large hold on the Democratic party and Congress

James Marshall

Carpenter who discovered gold in California in 1848

California Gold Rush

Rush of people to California following the 1848 discovery of gold. Taylor wanted to admit CA as a state as soon as possible due to the rapid population growth and economics

Town for gold seekers

San Francisco

California's admission

Admitted as a free state. Threw off balance of Senate. South began to lose the "King Cotton" power they once had

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay
1. CA admitted as a free state
2. Territorial status of Mexican acquisitions with popular sovereignty
3. Assumption of Texas debt.
4. Abolition of slavery in DC
5. New Fugitive Slave act

Why did the Compromise of 1850 fail?

Extremists on both sides were no longer willing to compromise and disliked the terms of the bill.

Stephen Douglas

Pushed some parts of the Omnibus bill through Congress by separating them into smaller parts

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Required slaves to be returned to their owners, even in free states.

Millard Fillmore

13th president, Whig. Approved Stephen Douglas' bills (repackaged 1850 Compromise) Tried to please everyone, Whig party refused to re-elect.

Gadsden Purchase

Purchased land from Mexico allowing for the construction of a Southern railroad. James Gadsden

Northern complications with railroad

Geographical difficulties made it necessary to have the railroad in unorganized territories -\> government didn't want to back that, needed to admit as states
Stephen Douglas would have to repeal Missouri Compromise, ending abolition of slavery in north

Kansas Nebraska Act

Republican Party- Stephen Douglas. People of Nebraska and Kansas would decide on slavery with popular sovereignty.

Why did the Kansas Nebraska Act kill the Whig party?

Southern and Northern Whigs disagreed on whether to pass the act, ending in a divide (cotton and conscience Whigs)

Republican Party

Free Soilers, Conscience Whigs, anti-slavery. Principle was to repeal the Kansas-Nebraska and that no slavery shall be allowed in the new territories. Demanded high protective tariffs (winning over popularity from North) transcontinental railroad, Homestead Act, liberal immigration

Bleeding Kansas

Rioting and illegal voting in Kansas in attempt to sway the vote on whether it would be a slave or free state. Free Soilers, Border Ruffians

Eli Thayer

Founded the New England Emigrant Aid Company who encouraged anti-slavery Northerners to travel and settle in Kansas

Border Ruffians

Pro-slavery Missourians who traveled to Kansas to vote in the popular sovereignty ruling

John Brown and Pottawatomie Massacre

Response to attacks in Lawrence, Kansas by border ruffians. John Brown ordered 5 pro-slavery Kansans executed. Caused more chaos and fighting, furthered "bleeding Kansas"

The Crimes Against Kansas

Senate speech by Charles Sumner blaming the South for the violence in Kansas

Sumner Brooks Affair

After Sumner's speech insulted Andrew Butler, Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a cane. This caused outrage from the North, making Sumner a martyr. The South supported Brooks

What did the Sumner Brooks affair and Bleeding Kansas reveal?

That tensions were worsening in the Union, it was difficult to make compromises.

Election of 1856

Dems nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated John C. Fremont. Divide in the Republican vote due to Millard Fillmore and Know Nothing Party gave Buchanan the win

Ostend Manifesto

Called for the US to buy Cuba from Spain or take Cuba by Force. Cuba had legalized slavery, making it a big goal for Southern annexationists

Kansas Capital divide

Topeka - anti slavery
Lecompton - pro slavery

Lecompton Constitution

Endorsed by Buchanan, supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Dred Scott v Sanford

Supreme Court case that ruled in favor of slavery, arguing that slaves were property.

1858 Senate Race

Lincoln v. Douglas, debated on topic of slavery. Lincoln said that the divide could not continue to exist, Douglas was pro- popular sovereignty

Freeport Doctrine

Said that slavery could not exist in a territory without laws protecting it, causing southern states to demand national slave codes

Secret Six

Abolitionist financial supporters of John Brown's Harper's Ferry raid

Harper's Ferry Revolt

Virginia, led by John Brown. Unsuccessful slave revolt leading to a growth of Southern fears. John Brown was executed after

Conflicts during 1860 election

Northern and Southern Democrats split, South threatened to secede if Republicans won, separate nominations for north/south

Election of 1860

Democratic Party split - Breckenridge and Douglas
Lincoln nominated because he wasn't an abolitionist, he won

Republican Party platform

high protective tariffs, liberal immigration policy, transcontinental railway, homestead act

Constitutional Union Party

Wanted to avoid secession or further conflict, nominated John Bell

South Carolina Secession

First state to declare secession from the Union, 1860

Crittenden Compromise

Attempt to avoid Civil War by making slavery permanently legal. Proposed an extension of Missouri Compromise line, making slavery guaranteed legal to the South. Did not pass, vetoed by Lincoln

Confederate States of America

Formed in an Alabama convention, created a constitution similar to the US one. Protected slavery in constitution

Lincoln's cabinet

composed of his Republican party rivals, such as William Steward, Salmon Chase, Simon Cameron, and Edward Stanton

Jefferson Davis

Confederate President, more moderate.

Fort Sumter

Beginning of Civil War