COMPTIA A+ 1202 Objective 1 - Operating Systems

FAT32

File Allocation Table

Uses USB drives & memory cards

32 bit

PROS OF FAT32

Works with almost all devices and operating systems

Good for small drives with simple file storage

CONS OF FAT32

Cannot store a file bigger than 4 GB

Less secure and efficient compared to newer systems

EXT4

4th Extended File System

Linux & Android

Super smart!

PROS OF EXT4

Fast, reliable, efficient

Supports huge files (16 terabytes)

Handles millions of files

Supports journaling

CONS OF EXT4

Not readable by Windows or Mac without special software

Journaling

Records changes to file systems before performing to aide in data loss

XFS

Extended File System

High performance

64-bit journaling

Designed for Linux

Used for scalability

APFS

Apple File System

Designed for SSDs

Includes encryption & cloning

ReFS

Resilient File System

Newest file system

Designed to maximize data availability

Used by servers

Self-repairing

NTFS

New Technology File System

Proprietary journaling file system by Microsoft

More security & large file support

USB Storage Boot Method

USB must be bootable

Computer must support booting from USB

Network Boot

PXE - Preboot eXecution Environment

"Pixie"

remote network installation

Solid State Drive / Hard Drive

Ability to store many different OS files

Internet-Based

macOS recovery installation

Linux distributions

Internal Hard Drive

Install and boot from separate drive

Create and boot from a new partition

Multiboot

Choose from different operating systems from boot menu

Paritions

Dividing drive into separate sections

(separates physical drive into logical pieces)

Ex: your drive is a whole pizza, each partition is a slice that can have different toppings

Physical Partitions

4 primary partitions on one drive

the OS will be on a primary partition

can be bootable

Logical Partitions

Can have many logical inside 1 extended partition

non-bootable

extra storage, files, backups

GPT

GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) Partition Table

New standard

requires a UEFI BIOS

can have 128 partitions

stores CRC (cyclic redundancy check) to ensure data is intact

MBR

Master Boot Record

Uses info to boot machine

UEFI

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface

interface between Operating System & Firmware (BIOS)

TPM

Trusted Platform Module

security hardware on the motherboard

must be TPM 2.0 compatible

used for BitLocker & Windows Hello

Windows 10

July 29, 2015 release

Windows Home, Enterprise, Pro

Windows 10 Home

OneDrive backups

Windows defender (anti-virus, anti-malware)

Cortana

Windows 10 Enterprise

AppLocker

BranchCache

UX Control

Windows 10 Pro

Business version

Remote Desktop

BitLocker w/ full disk encryption (FDE)

ipconfig

pings local router/gateway

determines adapter info

DNS server, DHCP server

ping

test reachability

determines round-trip time

uses ICMP ) Internet Control Message Protocol

netstat

Network Statistics

netstat -a

Show all active connections

netstat -b

show binaries

(requires elevations)

netstat -n

only show IP

Name Server Lookup (nslookup)

look up information from DNS Servers

look up IP addresses

tracert

trace route command

uses ICMP Time to Live Exceeded error message

TTL is hops, not seconds or minutes

TTL=1 is the first router

TTL=2 is the second router

hops

single connection passing through a router

pathping

combines ping and tracert

SSL

Secure Sockets Layer

Shared Resources

make a folder or printer available on network

assign (map) a drive letter to a share

shares ending with $ are "hidden"

Windows Workgroup

logical group of network device

each device is a standalone system

Windows Domain

business network

centralized authentication and device access

supports thousands of devices

ls

List Directory Contents

pwd

print working directory

mv

move files

cp

copy files

rm

remove files

chmod (linux)

changes permissions

chown (linux)

change ownership

su (linux)

substitute account

sudo (linux)

super user (admin)

apt-get (linux)

advanced package tool

search, install, update, remove software

yum (linux)

Yellowdog Updater, Modified (yum)

-install, delete, update

Manages RPM packages

-Red Hat Package Manager

-RPM Package Manager

A linux distribution will commonly use either yum or apt-get

df (linux)

disk free

disk space usage

grep

search for patterns

ps (linux)

process status

current processes running on system

man (linux)

manual pages

top (linux)

monitoring system performance

dig (linux)

"domain information groper"

queries DNS servers

cat (linux)

concatenate files

create new files

nano (linux)

text editor