Honors Biology 1st semester exam

Give an example of maintaining homeostasis

humans sweat to maintain body temp

give an example of responding to stimuli

wearing a coat when it is cold

type of bond with unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent

type of bond with equal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent

Type of bond in water

polar covalent bond

independent variable

variable that is manipulated/changed by the scientist

dependent variable

the variable that is measured in an experiment

Control Variables (constants)

things you keep the same in an experiment

experimental group

the group in an experiment that receives the independent variable

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to independent variable

What element is found in all organic compounds?

Carbon

What three elements are typically found in organic compounds?

Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

dehydration synthesis reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

hydrolysis reaction

A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What is the monomer of lipids?

no true monomer

What is the monomer of a protein?

amino acid

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

Which groups of biological molecules are hydrophilic?

carbs, proteins & nucleic acids

Which groups of biological molecules are hydrophobic?

lipids (waxes, oils & fats)

Which type of lipid makes up the plasma membrane?

phospholipids

Which type of fat is solid at room temperature?

saturated fats

Which type of fat is liquid at room temperature?

unsaturated fats

What are some food sources of protein?

meat, eggs, nuts

What are some food sources of simple carbohydrates?

fruits & veggies

What are some food sources of complex carbohydrates?

pasta, bread, corn, rice

What level of protein structure is the 3D form?

tertiary

What level of protein structure is the chain of amino acids?

primary

What level of protein structure is represented by the coiled or pleated form?

secondary

What level of protein structure involves 2 or more tertiary proteins?

quaternary

T/F. All cells have a plasma membrane.

true

T/F - all cells have DNA

true

T/F - all cells have ribosomes

true

T/F - all cells have a nuclear membrane

false

What are the only organisms classified as prokaryotes?

bacteria

What does prokaryotic mean?

before the nucleus

What is the key difference between prokaryotes & eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, but eukaryotes do.

Which type of cells has membrane-bound specialized organelles?

eukaryotic cells

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1. All living things are made of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of life (structure and function)

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

What part of the cell controls what enters and exits the cell?

plasma membrane

What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?

ribosome

What organelle is like an intracelluar highway?

endoplasmic reticulum

What is the long, tail like structure that helps some cells move?

flagella

What is the site of cellular respiration?

mitochondria

What is the site of ribosome production?

nucleolus

How is rough ER different from smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes on it

What is the function of a lysosome?

break down material & rid the cell of waste

What is the function of a vacuole?

storage

What is the function of the mitochondria?

cellular respiration (makes ATP)

In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

What organelle stores the green pigment in plants?

Chloroplast

What is the function of the Golgi?

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell

What polysaccharide makes up the cell wall in plants?

cellulose

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration. When we breathe in, we take in oxygen. Where did that oxygen come from?

Plants carrying out photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere.

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

carbon dioxide and water

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

glucose and oxygen

What are the products of cellular respiration?

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

What are some cellular processes that require energy?

cell growth, DNA replication, cellular transport

What is the ultimate source of energy?

sun

Where is the majority of ATP produced?

mitochondria

What is the function of the cuticle?

prevent water loss

What is the function of the pallisade mesophyll?

It is the main site of photosynthesis.

What is the stomata?

Small holes in a leaf that allow gas exchange to occur

What is a guard cell?

specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure

What portion of the plasma membrane isolates the inside of the cell from the external environment?

phospholipid bilayer

What portion of the plasma membrane is primarily responsible for moving substances in/out of the cell, communicating with other cells, and acting as recognition tags for the cell?

proteins

Describe the structure of the plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; hydrophobic tails in the middle

How are active and passive transport different?

active trasnport requires energy while passive transport doesn't

What types of transport would occur if the membrane had no proteins?

(simple) diffusion & osmosis

What is the function of a recognition protein?

act as ID tags; allows our immune system to distinguish between our cells and bacteria/virus

What is the function of a receptor protein?

act as a binding site for hormones

What is endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endo = "into" the cell (engulf)

Exo = "to leave" out of the cell (excrete)

What is passive transport?

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

What is active transport?

movement of molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient

What is required for facilitated diffusion?

transport (carrier/channel) protein

What is osmosis?

diffusion of water

What is pinocytosis?

the ingestion of liquid into a cell

What is phagocytosis?

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by cells

What is DNA?

genetic material found in all cells

What are the base pairing rules?

A=T and C=G

What is the structure of DNA?

-composed of nucleotides -- have a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine)

-Has a doubled helix that is formed by hydrogen bonds between polynucleotides

-Densely compacted into chromosomes to fit into nucleus

If the sequence of bases in a section of DNA is TAGGCTAA, what is the corresponding sequence of bases on the complementary strand of DNA?

ATCCGATT

With the exception of sperm/egg, the DNA in all of your cells should be ______________________

the same

What type of bonds hold together nucleotides?

sugar & phosphate - covalent bond

sugar & nitrogen base - covalent bond

nitrogen bases - hydrogen bonds

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T?

two

How many hydrogen bonds are between G and C?

3

Describe the backbone of DNA

alternating sugars and phosphates

When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle?

S phase of interphase

What is cytokinesis?

division of the cytoplasm

Where are the chromosomes located during metaphase?

lined up down the midline of the cell

What type of organisms reproduce via the cell cycle and mitosis?

eukaryotic organisms

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

binary fission