Science exam

How old is the universe?

14 billion years old

How old is the earth?

4 billion years old

What is The Big Bang theory?

Universe started from a single infinitely dense point 13.7 billion years ago, all matter was created and everything expanded outward and continued to expand

What is Chemistry?

is the study of how molecules and atoms interact

What is physics?

The study of how matter behaves

What is Biology?

The study of life

What is the most important atom on Earth for life?

Carbon

What are atoms?

the smallest unit of any element, can be divided but are then just generic particles

What are molecules?

two or more atoms bonded together

What is the difference among covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds?

Covalent- strongest type, sharing electrons between atoms

Ionic- very weak, giving up and getting electrons between atoms to form little magnets

Hydrogen- super weak, water has two sides to opposite sides of other water molecules

What are examples of each type of bond?

Ionic- Salt

Covalent- Oxygen

Hydrogen- Water

What happens during chemical reactions?

the creation or destruction of bonds

What is the process where plants make their own food?

Photosynthesis

What are plants used for?

Convert sun energy to food, provide shade, produce oxygen and remove CO2, Afford protection from elements, Give refuge from predators, Draw minerals from soil

What are Centers of Diversity?

the geographic area where in the plant species (or genus) exhibits the highest degree of genetic variation

What is horticulture?

growing plants; A science, a technology, an art, Involves all aspects of plant management and its effect on our economy

What is agronomy?

the study of crops and soil management

What is agriculture?

Field crops and farm animals

What is agroecology?

ecology of agricultural systems

What is subsistence farming?

growing only enough food to feed your family

What was pre-industrial farming like?

if you did not farm, you starved, Every member of the family waspart of the farm (still may be)• Enough food needed to be grownand processed for the whole year• Extra could be sold, if the harvestwas large enough• Crop failures were disastrous

What was the purpose of the Green Revolution?

Allowed crop production to skyrocket.

What does the Green Revolution rely on?

fertilizer, pesticides and irrigation

Who is considered the father of the Green Revolution?

Norman Borlaug

How does The Great Famine of Europe relate to plants and people?

They were unavoidable consequences of pre-industrial agriculture

What part did plants play in The Salem Witch Trials?

Accusers were under the influence of tainted rye

What caused the Irish Potato Famine?

late blight

What is industrial farming?

the large scale intensive production of crops and animals

List benefits of industrial farming.

Easy to grow lots of food, a few people can grow all the food, food can be produced cheaply, uniformity of product, regular availability of food products, very high quality products

List concerns/issues of industrial farming.

Relies on oil, only a few people grow all our food, corporations decide what to grow, agriculture can be concentrated, choice of crop is based on $$, farmers only grow what they can sell in large amounts, people will only buy what they know, diversity of products is low

What pesticides control weeds, diseases, and insects?

Herbicides, insecticides, fungicides

Which plant pest is the farmer's worst enemy?

weeds

What do the initials EPA represent?

Environmental Protection Agency

What does the EPA do with regard to pesticides?

assesses pesticide risk

What is the least sustainable, human-induced agricultural mess in all of human history?

The Dust Bowl

Why did the Dust Bowl occur?

Catastrophic drought, poor agronomic practices, lack of soil stewardship, burning stubble, economics of wheat and commodity markets

What is sustainable agriculture?

an agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality

What practices contribute to sustainable agriculture?

Rotating crops and embracing diversity

How did plants help change the earth's early poisonous atmosphere?

Plants produced 99% of the oxygen at the time of atmospheric conversion

What was the first organism to undergo photosynthesis?

Cyanobacteria

Why is oxygen important to plants and animals?

oxygen allowed for true plants and other life to evolve and colonize

What is ozone?

Three oxygen atoms bonded together into a single molecule (O3)

What compound is "fixed" out of the atmosphere when plants make food?

Carbon dioxide

Why are increasing carbon dioxide levels a concern for plants, people, and the earth?

CO2 holds heat in the atmosphere and burning oil is making the planet heat up

What is the greenhouse effect? How does it affect plants, people, and the earth?

When GHGs are released into the air from sources such as cars, they are trapped around the earth in the atmosphere. As energy from the sun (radiation) comes through the atmosphere to earth, it bounces off the earth's surface and goes back out into space. Some GHGs are trapped in the atmosphere as heat and is making the earth warmer. This causes global warming

What are impacts of global warming?

Melting ice= high sea levels, ocean acidification, unpredictable and severe weather, permanent regional changes, famine global unrest extinctions, human health crisis

What people are most at risk from global warming?

children and pregnant women

What is methane and what impact does it have on global climates?

Methane is CH4 and is stored under soil/oceans/animal waste etc. Causing ice to melt

What are growth responses in plants?

-reproduction

-cellular metabolism

-growth

-response to environment

What is morphology of plants?

the "form"/look at plant or its parts beyond cellular level

What is cytology of plants?

how plants are studied (looking at cells)

Who first observed cells under a microscope?

Robert Hooke

What are cells?

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

What is the function of the following parts of the plant cell? Which parts are only found in plants, but not animals?

Cell wall, plasmodesmata, chloroplasts and vacuole are only in plant cells

cell wall function

provides support and protection

cell membrane function

regulates what enters and leaves the cell

nucleus function

Control center of the cell

Vacuole function

Store a variety of things such as water, nutrients, or waste products. Larger in plant cells

Plasmodesmata function

allows cell to cell communication

protoplasm function

water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and electrolytes

Cytoplasm function

Gel like fluid in the cell

cytoplasmic membrane function

Controls passage of substances into and out of the cell; selectively permeable

Functions in energy production

Harvests light energy in photosynthetic prokaryotes

middle lamella function

glues cells together

chloroplasts function

photosynthesis

Mitochondria function

Powerhouse of the cell

Ribosomes function

Makes proteins

Where is most of the DNA located in a chromosome?

nucleus

What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

Eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes, everything else are eukaryotes

Where did life come from?

evolution

What did Urey-Miller suggest about the formation of life?

suggested that life needs "building blocks" with complex molecules

What are the main components of the photosynthesis reaction?

Light+CO2+H2O=sugar+O2

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

absorb light energy

What are the two stages photosynthesis is divided into?

Light dependent reactions and light independent reactions

What happens in each stage?- dependent

Light is absorbed as photons

chlorophyll strips electron from H2O

Electrons are passed down ETS

As electrons move, protons are pumped

Differential in proton concentration drives ATP/NADPH production

What happens in each stage?- Independent

Products from ETS power reactions

A cyclic, recycling process

CO2 fixed, more water used

Sugars produced

Called Calvin cycle

What is ATP and what is its function in photosynthesis?

Adenosine triphosphate; powers cellular reactions and breaking it down releases energy

What do we call plants that produce their own food?

Carbon fixation

What is used to move energy from the sun to the photosynthesis process?

chlorophyll

What are the three types of photosynthesis that take place in plants?

Light dependent, light independent and carbon fixation

What is evolution?

Change over time

What is a scientific theory?

a very good explanation based on a set of facts

What did Charles Darwin contribute to our understanding of evolution?

he collected many plants and animals and noticed, especially with birds, how species were separated by geography. Based on this, he was able to develop an explanation for evolution

How does evolution work?

natural selection (survival of the fittest)

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are bacteria

Eukaryotes are "higher life"

In the process of plant evolution what came after cyanobacteria?

Algae

What are algae?

Eukaryotic, single and multi celled, limited to bodies of water, can grow symbiotically with fungi

What are bryophytes?

nonvascular, very simple, spores

What are pteridophytes?

The first vascular plants (can move water in their bodies)

What are gymnosperms?

Naked seeds

What are angiosperms?

seed producing plants with flowers

Which group of plants is the most advanced evolutionarily?

Angiosperms

How are plants classified? Which plant part is most useful for classification?

By something on them that does not change; flowers

What is binomial nomenclature?

plant classification system= plant taxonomy

Who created the system of binomial nomenclature?

Carl Linneaus

What is the difference between common and scientific names?

scientific names are universal, common names can vary widely for some plants

What are the two parts of a scientific name?

genus and species

What is the proper way to write a scientific name?

Genus always capitalized, species not capitalized

What kind of plants produce seeds?

Flowers

What kind of plants produce flowers?

angiosperms

What are the differences between monocots and dicots?

Monoecious: separate male and female flowers on same plant

Dioecious: male and female flowers on separate plants