KINE 232 exam 2

What is included in muscle nomenclature

Shape, size, number of divisions, direction of fibers, location, attatchment, action,

Flat Muscles

usually thin & broad, originating from broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeuroses
allows them to spread their forces over a broad area
Ex. rectus abdominus & external oblique

Fusiform Muscles

thick in the middle and tapered/spindled at each end for small bones targets
Ex brachialis, brachioradialis

Strap Muscles

more uniform in diameter with essentially all fibers arranged in a long parallel manner
enables a focusing of power onto small, bony targets
Ex. sartorius

Radiate muscles

also described sometimes as being triangular, fan-shaped or convergent
have combined arrangement of flat & fusiform
originate on broad aponeuroses & converge onto a tendon
Ex. pectoralis major, trapezius

Sphincter or Circular muscles

technically endless strap muscles that surround openings and function to close them upon contraction
Ex orbicularis oris

Pennate Muscles

fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon that runs the length of the muscle

Unipennate muscles

fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only
Ex. biceps femoris, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

Bipennate muscles

fibers run obliquely on both sides from a central tendon
Ex flexor hallucis longus

Multipennate muscles

have several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them
Ex. deltoid

Irritability or Excitability

property of muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli

Contractility

ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

Extensibility

ability to be stretched

Elasticity

The ability of a material to bounce back after being stretched

Intrinsic Muscles

entirely contained within a region, such as the hand
both its origin and insertion there

Extrinsic Muscles

Muscles that originate outside the body part they act
Ex fingers

Action

Movement of a joint resulting in a contraction across the joint
Ex bicep

Innervation

Nerve stimulation of a muscle

Amplitude

range of muscle fiber length between maximal and minimal lengthening

Gaster (belly or body)

central, fleshy portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts
the contractile portion of muscle

Aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

Fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

Origin

Doesn't move

Insertion

Moves

Static Contraction

Maintaining the joint angle (holding something)

Isometric

Maintain a position (holding something)

Isotonic

Causing or controlling joint movement (lifting something)

Dynamic Contracion

Varying degrees of muscle tension (lifting something)

Concentric Contraction

muscle shortens as it maintains tension (bicep curl up)

Eccentric Contraction

muscle lengthens as it maintains tension (bicep curl down)

parallel fibers

fibers arranged parallel to length of muscle

What's the difference in parallel and penne muscles

Parallel: designed for endurance and longer sustained muscle action
Penne: designed for producing high amounts of force with contractions

What are the 5 types of parallel muscles

flat, fusiform, strap, radiate, sphincter

Agonist muscle

The muscle primarily responsible for movement of a bone, primary mover
Ex hamstrings in knee flexion

Antagonist muscle

The muscle opposite the agonist, which must relax and lengthen during contraction of the agonist.
Ex quadriceps are antagonist to hamstrings in knee flexion

Stabilizers

surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move

synergist muscle

Muscle that assists a prime mover

Helping synergist

help another muscle move the joint in the desired manner and simultaneously prevent undesired actions

True synergist

contract to prevent an undesired joint action of the agonist and have no direct effect on the agonist action

Neutralizers

counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions

Force couples

occur when two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about its axis
Ex driving with 2 hands

Conductivity

Isokenetics

a type of dynamic exercise using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions.

Reversal of muscle function

A muscle group described to perform a given function can contract to control the exact opposite motion

What is a good way to determine muscle action?

palpation; to touch the muscle to determine when it contracts

Electromyography

A procedure done to determine the action potential of muscles as they are electrically stimulated

Sternocleidomastoid O/I

O: sternum and clavicle
I: mastoid process

Trapezius O/I

O: skull, spines of C7 and thoracic vertebrae
I: scapula, clavicle

Deltoid O/I

O: clavicle and scapula
I: humerus

Pec Major O/I

Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, ribs

Insertion: humerus

Latissimus Dorsi O/I

O: Illium, sacrum, lower 3 ribs
I: Humerus

Triceps O/I

O: scapula, humerus
I: Ulna

Biceps O/I

O: scapula
I: Radius

Int. abdominal oblique O/I

O: illium
I: 8/9/10th ribs

Ext. abdominal oblique O/I

O: lower 8 ribs
I: illium, pubis

Recuts abdominal O/I

O: pubis
I: 5/6/7th rib cartilage, ziphoid process

Sartorius O/I

O: illium
I: Tibia

Recuts femoris O/I

O: illium
I: patella, patellar tendon to tibia

Vastus lateral is O/I

O: femur
I: Patella, patellar tendon to tibia

Vastus intermedius O/I

O: femur
I: patella, patellar tendon to tibia

Vastus medial is O/I

O: femur
I: patella, patellar tendon to tibia

Gluteus Maximus O/I

O: illium, sacrum, coccyx
I: femur

biceps femoris O/I

O: Ischium (ischial tuberosity), femur
I: Literal tibia, fibula

Semitendinosus O/I

O: Ischium (is hail tuberostiy)
I: Tibia

Semimembranous O/I

O: ischium (ischial tuberostiy)
I: tibia

Gastrocnemius O/I

O: femur
I: calcaneou s

Soleus O/I

O: Tibia, fibula
I: calcaneous

5 levels of controlled in the CNS

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord

Cerebral cortex

Highest level of control, creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action, interprets sensory stimuli

Basal ganglia

Control postures, equilibrium, and learned movements, integrates Balance and rhythmytic activities

Cerebellum

Major integrated of sensory impulse, provides motion feedback, timing and muscle intensity,

Britain stem

Integrates CNS activity through excitation and inhibition of actions

Spinal cord

Pathway between CNS and PNS, simple and complex reflexes, cortical and basal ganglia activity

Afferent nerves

Sensory nerves, brings impulses FROM receptors TO CNS

Efferent nerves

Motor nerves, carry impulses FROM CNS TO the regions

Dermatology

A defined area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Myotome

group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve

Neurons

transmit nerve impulses

Interneurons

Connecting nerves between sensory and motor neurons

Kinesthesis

conscious awareness of position and movement of the body in space

Proprioception

Subconscious mechanism by which body is able to regulate posture & movement by responding to stimuli originating in proprioceptors of the joints, tendons, muscles, & inner ear

Proprioceptors

monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

Myotatic or stretch reflex

Rapid muscle stretch occurs
Impulse is sent to the CNS
CNS activates motor neurons of muscle and causes it to contract

3 parts of a lever

axis, resistance, force

1st class levers

fulcrum in the middle (seesaw), tricep applies force to olecranon (F), extends forearm (R) at the elbow (A)

2nd class levers

resistance in the middle (wheel barrel), plantar flexion (Ball of foot (A), force applied to calcaneus w the muscles (F), tibiofibular articulation reinstall (R))

3rd class levers

Force in the middle (catapult), most in the body, elbow joint (A), biceps applies force (F), to flex arm (R)

What does Isokenetics test

A true variable resistance to see how much you can lift (speed and contraction)

Skeletal muscles

muscles attached to bone that cause body movements and provide support

How many skeletal muscles are there

215

Aggregate muscle action

muscles work in groups rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion

What is the affect of shape and fiber arrangement

Ability to exert force, range of force

Cross section diameter

factor in muscle's ability to exert force
greater cross section diameter \= greater force exertion

Conductivity

ability to transmit an impulse

Passive movement

motion produced by a source other than activated muscle (being pushed by someone)

Muscle spindle

a sensory receptor located in a muscle that senses its tension

Lifting minimal and maximal

Number of muscle fibers recruited when contracting a muscle

Sub threshold stimulus

a stimulus too small to create an action potential in a neuron

Threshold stimulus

The minimal strength required to cause a contraction

Submaximal stimuli

Stimuli that are strong enough to produce action potentials in additional motor units