Chapter 1 US History Knowt

cmhs study guide for test

What was the Progressive Era?

A movement in the early 20th century that responded to the pressures of Industrialization and Urbanization by promoting reforms.

What were the main goals of Progressives?

To eliminate corrupt governments and officials, make government more responsive to people's needs, and address the abuses of big businesses.

Who were the Progressive Presidents?

Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

What role did muckrakers play in the Progressive Era?

They were writers who uncovered and exposed misconduct in politics or business.

What is the significance of Upton Sinclair's book 'The Jungle'?

It led to the Pure Food and Drug Act, which banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of contaminated goods.

What was the Settlement House Movement?

A movement aimed at improving the lives of poor urban people, led by figures like Jane Addams.

What services did Settlement Houses provide?

1. Gave Mothers classes in child care

2. Taught English to immigrants

3. Ran Nursery Schools and Kindergartens

4. Provided theatre, art and dance programs for adults

What was the Galveston Plan?

A reform model that replaced the mayor and board of aldermen with a 5-person commission after the 1900 hurricane.

What is a Direct Primary?

An election in which citizens vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

What is a Referendum?

A process that allows citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature.

How many states allow referendums?

25 states, mostly in the western United States.

What is Recall in the context of Progressive reforms?

A power given to voters to remove public servants from office before their term ends.

What is the 17th Amendment?

An amendment that allows Americans to directly elect their own senators, rather than having state legislatures choose them.

Why were some states opposed to the 17th Amendment?

They believed it weakened the states' powers to block actions of the federal government.

What was the impact of the Progressive Era on child labor laws?

It led to laws requiring children to attend school and efforts to end child labor.

Who was Jane Addams?

A leader of the Settlement House Movement who worked to improve the lives of poor urban people.

What is the purpose of the Pure Food and Drug Act?

To ensure the safety and quality of food and drugs by banning contaminated products.

What was the role of Theodore Roosevelt in the Progressive Era?

He was a key figure who fought against big business and advocated for various reforms.

What was the status of women's voting rights before 1920?

Women, along with criminals, the insane, and Native Americans, were denied the vote.

What was expected of working-class women regarding their wages?

They were usually expected to hand over their wages to their husbands, fathers, or brothers.

What was the Temperance Movement?

A movement led by the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) advocating for the practice of never drinking alcohol.

Who was the leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

Frances Willard.

What did the 18th Amendment accomplish?

It outlawed alcohol.

Who were the pioneers in women's suffrage?

Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

What was the National Woman Suffrage Association's goal?

To fight for a constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

What argument did the National Woman Suffrage Association use to advocate for women's voting rights?

If the Constitution was amended to extend the right to vote for African Americans, it should also be amended for women.

Who introduced the Society Plan to recruit wealthy, well-educated women for suffrage?

Carrie Chapman Catt.

What term was used to describe women from all levels of society promoting suffrage?

Suffragettes.

What additional reforms did the women's movement call for besides the right to vote?

Improvements in education, reforms of corrupt government, and labor reforms including child labor laws.

What does the 19th Amendment state?

The right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.

What significant change did the 19th Amendment bring about?

It granted women the right to vote.

What social issues did women address through movements like the Temperance Movement?

Social issues related to alcohol consumption and its effects on society.

What was a common consequence of women not being able to vote?

They had little influence on politicians who could look after their interests.

What is Arbitration?

A formal meeting to talk about and settle disagreements.

What was the Square Deal?

Roosevelt's plan to treat everyone 'equal'.

What distinguishes a Good Trust from a Bad Trust?

A Good Trust provides consumers with needed products at reasonable prices, while a Bad Trust restricts trade and uses influence to charge higher prices.

What were the main demands of the coal miners during the Coal Strike of 1902?

Higher wages, shorter hours, and acceptance of their union.

Why was the Coal Strike of 1902 significant?

Eastern cities depended on Pennsylvania coal for heating, and the owners refused to negotiate.

What action did Roosevelt threaten to take during the Coal Strike of 1902?

He threatened to take over the mines if the owners didn't negotiate.

What was the outcome of the Coal Strike of 1902 after negotiation?

Workers received a shorter workday and higher pay after a three-month investigation.

What is the Hepburn Act?

An act that allowed the federal government to regulate railroad rates and set maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines.

Who were Muckrakers?

Journalists who helped raise public awareness of problems in society.

What book did Upton Sinclair publish, and what was its impact?

He published 'The Jungle,' which contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act.

What did the Pure Food and Drug Act accomplish?

It banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of contaminated foods and drugs.

What is the difference between Conservation and Preservation?

Conservation is managing the use of natural resources for the benefit of all Americans, while Preservationists believe nature should be protected for its beauty.

What is Imperialism?

The policy by which strong militaries extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker ones.

What were the main reasons for practicing Imperialism?

Countries sought raw materials, businesses needed new markets, and it was seen as a source of power and national pride.

What is Social Darwinism?

The belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the fittest survive.

What prompted Japan to open trade with the U.S.?

Commodore Matthew Perry's lavish gifts and the realization that Japan was falling behind in military technology.

How much did the U.S. pay for Alaska and when?

Purchased in 1867 for $7.2 million, which is less than 2 cents per acre.

Who arranged the purchase of Alaska?

William Seward.

What resources did Alaska provide to the U.S.?

Valuable resources such as furs, minerals, and timber.

What crop became the leading export of the Hawaiian economy?

Sugar had become the leading export of the Hawaiian economy

What was the significance of the McKinley Tariff for Hawaii?

It allowed all countries to ship sugar duty-free to the U.S., but made sugar produced in Hawaii more expensive.

What happened after King Kalakaua died?

His sister, Queen Liliuokalani, abolished the constitution that had given political power to white planters.

What led to the U.S. seizing control of Hawaii?

Sugar planters revolted against the monarchy in 1893.

What is Yellow Journalism?

The exaggeration of a news story in order to sell newspapers.

Who were the major newspaper owners associated with Yellow Journalism?

Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal).

What did the Teller Amendment state?

The U.S. had no intention of annexing Cuba.

Who were the Rough Riders?

Over 1,200 volunteers (mostly from the SW), led by Theodore

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris?

It ended the Spanish-American War.

What did the Platt Amendment do?

Limited Cuba's right to make treaties and allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs. Also established the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay

What was the Foraker Act?

Established a civil government in Puerto Rico.

What did the Jones-Shafroth Act accomplish?

Granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and greater control over their own legislature.

What is 'Big Stick' Diplomacy?

Theodore Roosevelt's policy of using a strong military to achieve America's goals.

How did the U.S. acquire the rights to build the Panama Canal?

Panama belonged to Colombia, and Roosevelt wanted a treaty to let the U.S. build a canal. When Colombia rejected, Roosevelt used "Big Stick" Diplomacy by siding with revolutionaries and sending two gunboats. The revolution lasted 3 days, making Panama independent. Twelve days later, the U.S. and Panama signed a treaty giving the U.S. permission to build the canal.

What is 'Dollar Diplomacy'?

William Taft's policy aimed at increasing American investments in businesses and banks in Central America and the Caribbean.

What is 'Moral Diplomacy'?

Woodrow Wilson's plan to avoid using force to assert U.S. influence in the world.

How did the United States acquire Hawaii

American businessmen, aided by U.S. military personnel, overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy in 1893

Why did Roosevelt want Taft to become President?

He believed he would continue his Square Deal program!!

How were Taft and Roosevelt different?

Taft believed that the Law, not personal views or public opinion should guide the actions of the government