Speech Science Exam 3 Review

The ________________ sits on top of the trachea

larynx

Know the structures (1 bone and several cartilages) that make up the larynx

-hyoid bone

-epiglottis

-thyroid cartilage

-arytenoid cartilages

-cricoid cartilage

The front of the vocal folds attach to the ________ __________ and ___________ ____________ at the back

-thyroid cartilage

-arytenoid cartilages

Glottis =

Space between the vocal folds

Adduction =

Movement of the vocal folds toward midline

Abduction =

Movement of the vocal folds away from midline

Know the position of the vocal folds for breathing:

-open glottis

-abducted the vocal folds

-separated vocal folds

Know the position of the vocal folds for swallowing and speech:

-closed glottis

-adducted the vocal folds

-vocal folds are touching

T/F: The cartilaginous glottis makes up 1/3 length of the vocal folds

True

T/F: the membranous vocal folds make up 2/3 length of the vocal folds

True

The cricothyroid muscle increases the ____________ and ______________ of the vocal folds

Length and tension

By increasing the length and tension of the vocal folds, you increase the ____________________________

fundamental frequency

The lateral cricoarytenoid muscle adducts the ________________________

membranous vocal folds

The interarytenoid muscles adducts the __________________________

cartilaginous vocal folds

* Know the position of the vocal folds in a whisper:

-LCAs Adduct the membranous vocal folds

-VFs not vibrating

-"whisper triangle"

* Know the position of the vocal folds when phonating:

-IAs Adduct the cartilaginous vocal folds

-IAs always contract with the LCAs

T/F: the vocal folds must be brought to midline in order to phonate

True

The vocal folds are like an adjustable valve, they can create varying levels of _________

resistance

Adducted vocal folds allow for the subglottal pressure to _______________

build up under them

T/F: subglottal pressure is not required to set the vocal folds into vibration

False; a certain subglottal pressure IS required to set the vocal folds into vibration

The posterior cricoarytenoid muscles (PCA) ______________the vocal folds. This is the position our vocal folds are in when we _____________

abducts, breathe

Know the two parts of the thyroarytenoid muscles:

-minor adductor muscle: lateral thyroarytenoid (lateral TA)

-vocal fold tensor muscle: medial thyroarytenoid (Vocalis)

Know the five layers of the vocal folds:

-epithelium

-laminate propria

-superficial layer

-intermediate layer

-deep layer

-vocalis muscle

Know the compliance level of each level for movement:

-epithelium = most compliant

-laminate propria

-superficial layer = elastin fibers, moves a lot, like jello

-intermediate layer = elastin and collagen fibers, moves like

rubberband

-deep layer = more collagen than elastin fibers, moves like cotton thread

-vocalis muscle = least compliant

What does the Conus Elasticus do:

Supports the vocal folds, holds them upright

Be able to differentiate between the adductors, abductors, what lengthens and shortens the vocal folds:

Adductors:

-Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

-interarytenoid muscles

-transverse arytenoid muscles

-oblique arytenoid muscles

-lateral thyroarytenoid (thyromuscularis/muscularis)

Abductors:

-posterior cricoarytenoid

Shorten VFs:

-medial thyroarytenoid (vocalis/thyrovocalis)

Lengthen VFs:

-cricothyroid

The buildup of pressure below the vocal folds is called ___________________________

phonation threshold pressure

PTP is dependent on these three factors in the larynx :

mass, tension, tissue health

T/F: The vocal folds can vibrate at or below phonation threshold pressure

False; at or above

Once the vocal folds are close enough together and the PTP is met, the vocal folds oscillate to ________________________________ and ________________________

chop up the airflow and create a pressure wave

The vocal tract acts as a ________________ with a closed-open configuration

tube resonator

The vocal folds act as the __________________ of sound

source

T/F: the air pressure in the vocal tract is atmospheric pressure

True

T/F: when the vocal folds are touching, negative pressure builds up beneath the vocal folds

false; positive pressure

How is compression created in the vocal tract:

The positive pressure that built up beneath the vocal folds pushes into the pressure above the vocal folds and creates a region of compression

When the vocal folds separate, air is allowed to _______ through the glottis. This caused the air particles above the vocal folds to separate and creates a region of ___________.

flow, rarefaction

T/F: when the vocal folds come together, air flow through the glottis is stopped

True

The process of chopping up the airflow through the opening and closing of the glottis continues at a certain number of cycles per second. This is the _____________________

fundamental frequency

T/F: Vocal fold oscillation involves muscle contractions because it is not self-sustained

False; vocal fold oscillation does NOT involve any muscle contractions because it is a self-sustained process

How can we explain self-sustained vocal fold oscillation:

myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation

Know the steps of Myoelastic aerodynamic theory of phonation:

1. Adductory muscles bring the VFs to midline (LCA and IA)

2. Pressure builds up beneath the VFs, in the subglottal region

3. The VFs separate and the glottis takes on a convergent shape. There is a positive pressure beneath the VFs. This positive pressure helped to push the VFs away from midline

4. The VFs start to return to midline due to tissue elasticity

5. On the return of the VFs to midline, the glottis takes on a divergent shape. There is a negative pressure between the VFs. This negative pressure helps to suck the VF tissue towards midline

+ Bernoulli Principle

-The air pressure at the narrow point decreases

-The size of the channel decreases

-Rate of airflow is constant

+ Rarefaction

-This area of rarefaction results in a negative air pressure at the upper edge of the VFs

-This separates the particles of air, which is called rarefaction

-The air above the VFs has mass and therefore it has inertia

-As less and less air comes through the narrowing glottis, the air above the glottis is still moving

What are the three main glottal configurations, what they look like, and when they occur, and what the intraglottal pressure is:

1) Rectangular - occurs when the VFs are maximally separated ( I I )

2) Divergent - occurs when the VFs are moving back towards midline during the closing phase ( \ / )

3) Convergent - occurs when the VFs are moving away from midline during the opening phase ( / \ )

When and why does sound happen?

When: The sound happens when the vocal folds snap the ________________

Airway shut

When and why does sound happen?

Why: The sound happens because of the sudden ___________________, NOT the vocal fold tissue actually hitting together

Reduction in airflow

The "natural frequency" at which the vocal folds vibrate is due to _______ of the larynx, __________ of the tissue in vibration, the amount of _________of the tissue in vibration

-size

-tension

-mass

Fundamental frequency is a ____________ for pitch

physical term

Pitch is the _____________ term

perceptual

Know the rules for controlling fundamental Frequency:

Rule 1) mass of the vocal folds in vibration

M ↑, F0 ↓ M ↓, F0 ↑ (Inversely related)

Rule 2) tension of the vocal folds

K ↑, F0 ↑ K ↓, F0 ↓ (Directly related)

Know the two reasons why vocal fold mass could increase:

1) Laryngitis, edema (swelling) conditions, other bumps and lumps

2) More respiratory power is being used to vibrate more of the tissue

T/F: When the vocal folds have more mass, that leads to an increase in cycles per second, therefore creating an increased fundamental frequency

False; when the VFs have more mass, they vibrate more slowly -> leads to fewer cycles per second/lower fundamental frequency

Know the three methods when there is vocal fold tension:

Method 1) change the length of the VFs

1a) contract or relax the CT muscles (passive tension increase)

1b) change the subglottal pressure

Method 2) change the active tension of the VFs (tension of the part in vibration - the vocalis)

Method 3) change the height of the larynx

Contraction of the CT muscles increase the length of the cover and the body of the vocal fold. This is a ___________________________________.

Passive increase in tension

Contraction of which muscle is the primary way to change the fundamental frequency

Cricothyroid muscle

T/F: Relaxation of the CT muscle decreases the length of the vocal folds and the fo goes down.

True

When we phonate the vocal folds move from __________ to a particular lateral position back to ___________. When this happens the vocal folds ____________ and are the longest at the moment of ___________________ and the shortest at ____________.

-midline

-midline

-change length

-maximum lateral excursion

-midline

Every 1cm of H2O increase in P sub leads to a _______ to _______ Hz increase in fo

2-4

When the vocalis muscle contracts, it gets __________________

shorter, thicker, and rounder

The vocal folds _______ slightly due to the bulging (rounder shape)

adduct

The vocalis muscle _________

Stiffens

The cover becomes _______ because the muscle below became __________

slack, shorter

This is an __________________ that MAY result in an increase in fo

active increase in tension

Fundamental frequency depends on the ______ and the __________ of the tissue ______________

-tension

-mass

-in motion

Know what tissue is in Vibration:

If only the cover is in vibration:

- contraction of the vocalis muscle shortens the VFs and slackens the mucosa, decreasing the tension of the mucosa (which is the tissue in motion), this will lower the fundamental frequency

+ types of sounds: very soft sounds with low subglottal pressure, falsetto sounds

Know what tissue is in Vibration:

If both the cover and body are in vibration:

- contraction of the vocalis muscle in this case creates increased tension of the mucosa. This will increase the fundamental frequency

+ types of sounds: almost all conversational speech, loud vocalizations with high subglottal pressure

T/F: The larynx may elevate to a higher position in the neck

True

If the CT and TA muscle are already contracted a lot, increasing laryngeal elevation makes the _____________ tense. This increases the tension of the ___________, causing the fundamental frequency to __________ slightly.

-conus elasticus

-cover

-increase

When a person raises pitch by a number of notes, _____________________

all aspects increase (CT contraction increases, vocalis contraction increases, subglottal pressure increases, laryngeal height may increase)

During normal conversational speech, pitch change will be a subtle combination of ____________ as well as __________________________

-subglottal pressure rise

-increased CT and vocalis contraction

T/F: In English stress changes (on syllables) and prosody changes are accomplished by changing the loudness, pitch, and duration of vowels.

True

T/F: If a person attempts to remain on one pitch but get louder, the necessary increase in subglottal pressure to get louder will increase the lateral excursion of the vocal folds and raise the fundamental frequency.

True

How can you counter an increase in fo :

1. reducing contraction of the CT muscle to reduce the overall passive tension

2. reducing the vocalis muscle contraction to reduce the active tension of the tissue in motion

Know what a vocal register is:

a range of frequencies in which the amount of time the vocal folds are together (duty cycle) and the pressures needed to set the vocal folds into vibration (phonation threshold pressure) are similar.

What is a duty cycle:

Ratio of time the VFs are separated (allowing air to flow) compared to the period

Define PTP:

the minimum amount of pressure needed to build up below the vocal folds to set them into vibration

Vocal Fry:

-Fundamental Frequency:

-Air Pressure:

-Duty Cycle:

-Fundamental Frequency: 30-80 Hz

-Air Pressure: 2-5 cm H2O

-Duty Cycle: 90/10

Modal Register:

-Fundamental Frequency:

-Air Pressure:

-Duty Cycle:

-Fundamental Frequency:

males: 75-450 Hz

females: 130-520 Hz

children: 220-300 Hz

-Air Pressure: 2-7.5 cm H2O

-Duty Cycle: 50/50

Falsetto:

-Fundamental Frequency:

-Air Pressure:

-Duty Cycle:

-Fundamental Frequency:

Males: > 300 Hz

Females: > 500 Hz

-Air Pressure: 6-8 cm H2O

-Duty Cycle: 0/100

Muscle activities and vocal registers for:

Vocal Fry:

-Adduction (ranges from not tight to tight): low to high LCA and IA contraction

-Length of the vocal folds (short): almost no CT contraction and varying amounts of VOC contraction

Muscle activities and vocal registers for:

Falsetto:

-Adduction (not too tight): some LCA and IA to bring the vocal folds to midline

-Length of the vocal folds (long): high CT contraction and little VOC contraction

The vocal tract is a _______________.

tube resonator

What allows us to change the size and the shape of the vocal tract?

articulators

What are the three resonating cavities of the vocal tract?

-pharynx

-oral cavity

-nasal cavity

T/F: A larger resonating cavity results in higher frequencies being amplified.

False; larger resonating cavity = lower frequencies amplified; smaller resonating cavity = higher frequencies amplified

T/F: All articulators can be moved by contracting muscles.

False (not all)

Component parts that are moved by contraction of muscles include:

-pharynx

-mandible

-lips

-tongue

-velum

Component parts not moved by muscle contraction include:

-alveolar ridge

-maxillae (upper jaw)

-hard palate

-teeth

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

The movements of the pharynx include _______________________________ and __________________________________________

-lengthening and shortening (through downward and upward movements of the larynx)

-widening and narrowing (through movements of lateral walls, posterior walls, velum, tongue, epiglottis)

The pharynx is a mobile __________________

tube of muscles and tendon

What are the 3 mandibular planes:

1. up and down

2. side to side

3. forward and backward

When the jaw opens what narrows?

laryngopharynx

Adjustment of the lips can change:

-Position and shape of each lip

-position and shape of the corners of the mouth

-compression between the lips

-the compression between one lip and the teeth and gums

-the configuration of the mouth opening

Tongues can change both _________ and ___________

position and shape

Change in tongue position:

-every time the mandible moves

-all on its own

Change in tongue shape:

-whenever it moves

-independent of its movement

+ when one area of the tongue gets narrower________

A different area of the tongue will get wider (and vis versa)

The velum, the PPW, and the LPW work together to form the _________________

velopharyngeal port

The velopharyngeal port opens for:

nasal breathing and production of nasal speech sounds