bio test

what makes you organic?

carbon and hydrogen

4 types organic compounds

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

wha type of energy does carbohydrates give you?

short term

what are carbohydrates made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?

one carbon, 2 hydrogens, one oxygen

What are monosaccharides?

simple sugars

What does saccharide mean?

sugar

chemical formula of monosaccharide

C6 H12 O6

3 types of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

glucose

blood sugar

fructose

fruit sugar

Galactose

dairy sugar

If a word ends in -ose it is a _________

sugar

isomer

same chemical formula, different structure

what are Disaccharides made up of

2 monosaccharides

chemical formula for disaccharides

C12 H22 O11

what happens when you bond two monosaccharides?

dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules bond with the removal of a water molecule.

purpose of dehydration synthesis

to open valences for new bonds

opposite of dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Three types of disaccharides

maltose, sucrose, lactose

maltose

glucose + glucose

sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactose

glucose + galactose

Polysaccharides are made up of

many sugars (more than two

Macromolecules

large molecules

all macromolecules are

polysaccharides

polymers

large molecules made up of repeating smaller units

Small units in polymers

monomers

Polysaccharides

complex sugars

glycogen

how animals store glucose

where is gylcogen

liver/muscles

starch

how plants store glucose

what are proteins made up of

amino acids

polymer

chained monomers

functions of proteins

enzymes, structure, transport, immunits, receptors, storage, contractile

enzme proteins

speed up chemical reactions

structure proteins are in...

hair, nails

transport proteins are...

called hemoglobin (iron) - carries O2

immunits proteins

defesive enzymes/antibodies

contractile proteins

actin and myosin (muscles pushing and pulling)

receptor proteins

signal proteins - most diseases and disorders

carboxyl

COOH

is a carboxyl an organic compound?

yes

amino acids contain

an amino group and an organic group

how many amino acids are there

20-22

what is the varibale in amino acids?

R

what does the protein shape determine?

function of protein

What connects amino acids?

peptide bonds

primary structure

order of amino acids in the protein

what determines the shape of the secondary structure

primary structure

secondary structure

amino acids are indirectly connected

how are amino acids indirectly connected in a secondary structure

with hydrogen bonds

in secondary structures, _____ usually doesn't indierictly connect with h-bonds

R groups

what are the 2 structures of secondary structures?

helix or a pleated sheet

fibrous proteins

long and thin

globular protiens

folded tightly spheres

Denaturation

a protein unravels, losing its shape and function

what is denaturation caused by

excessive heat

teritary structure

overall 3D structure of a protein

What does the teritary structure look like

big glob shape

what part of the protein connects in a tertiary structure?

the R groups

what bonds connect the R groups in a tertiary structure?

H bonds, ionic bonds, disulide bridge, and hydrophobic interactions

quaternary structure

a combination of two tertiary structures

lipids are hydro_____

phobic

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

non-polar

types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids/cholesterol, waxes

lipids

fats

triglyceride chemical formula

CH2 and very little oxygen

Functions of Tryglycerides

store energy (twice the amount as carbs), isulation, cushion of organs.

Triglycerides are made up of

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

glycerol

A three-carbon molecule (connected to three OH)

fatty acids

chains of carbon

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids ->

FAT + 3(H2O)

two types of fats

saturated and unsaturated

to be a saturated fat...

all of the fatty acids need to be saturated

is unsaturated fat a liquid or solid

liquid

where is unsaturated fat found

plants and fish

is unsaturated fat healthy or unhealthy

healthy

where is saturated fat found

animals

Is saturated fat solid or liquid at room temperature?

solid

is saturated fat healthy or unhealthy

neutral

what makes something unsautrated

having a double bonds (it bends)

what makes something saturated

having no double bonds (straight)

where is cholesterol found

cell membrane

What does cholesterol do?

adds fluidity (lets things bend)

is cholesterol polar or non polar?

non-polar

cholesterol is hydro_____

phobic

what makes steroids

cholesterol

types of steroid hormones

estrogen, testosterone, and cortisone

what forms does cholesterol flow through your blood in

LDL and HDL

Is LDL good or bad?

bad

is HDL good or bad?

good

what increases HDL

unsaturated fat

what increases HDL and LDL

saturated fat

what increases LDL

carbohydrates

hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

how does hydrogenation make things saturated?

it exchanges the double bonds for bonds with hydrogen

hydrogenation makes one of products...

water