POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

What does mortality refer to?

deaths

What does morbidity refer to?

illness

Define co-morbidity.

when people have two or more medical conditions

What are the two measured used by the WHO to track global health levels?

HALE and DALY

What does HALE stand for?

health adjusted life expectancy

What does DALY stand for?

disability adjusted life years

What does HALE measure?

the average number of years spent in full health

What does DALY measure?

the years of life lost due to early death or disability

Define biological age.

the age of someone's body regardless of chronological age

Define prevalence rate.

the total number of cases of a disease in a population divided my total population

Define incidence rate.

the rate of time at which a person becomes ill

Define epidemic.

when a disease spreads within a country, region or city

Define endemic.

when a disease is constantly present but at low prevalence

Define pandemic.

when a disease spreads across multiple continents or worldwide

Who proposed the epidemiological transition?

Abel Omran (1971)

How many stages are there in the epidemiological transition?

four

Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition is called The Age Of...

pestilence and famine

Stage 2 of the epidemiological transition is called The Age Of...

receding pandemics

Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition is called The Age Of...

degenerative and man-made disease

Stage 4 of the epidemiological transition is called The Age Of...

delayed degenerated diseases

In the UK, there is a health divide between the...

north and south

An estimated __ to __% of risk from disease is due to environmental factors.

70, 90

Define bluezone.

an area where people live the longest and have the lowest rates of chronic disease

People who live in bluezones are expected to live past...

100

Define malaria.

a tropical, vector-borne disease transmitted by female mosquitoes

Symptoms of malaria include...

fever, headaches, vomiting

Malaria is typically seen on and around the...

equator

In which continent do the highest malaria transmissions occur?

Africa

__% of all malaria cases are found in Africa.

90

Malaria can decrease GDP of a country by as much as __% in areas of high transmission.

1.3

How much do malaria-related health expenditures and lost productivity cost Africa per year?

$8 billion

What does ITN stand for?

insecticide treated nets

What does LLIN stand for?

long lasting insecticide-impregnated nets

What can prevent malaria besides nets and IRS?

anti-malarial drugs

What does IRS stand for?

indoor residual spraying

Anti-malarial drugs are __% effective.

90

Malaria can be combatted by controlling...

the vector

Malaria can be combatted by using what two types of barriers?

physical and chemical

Malaria can be combatted by investing in...

swift diagnosis

Malaria can be combatted by treatments of...

ACTs

According to the WHO, non-communicable diseases kill __ people each year.

41 million

Define cardiovascular disease.

all types of diseases that affect the heart or blood vessels

An example of a CVD is...

coronary heart disease

CHD accounts for ___ annual deaths worldwide - the leading cause of death.

7.5 million

CHD can be prevented by advertisements such as...

change for life

What are the four treatments for CHD?

aspirin, beta blockers, statins and stents

Aspirin treats CHD by preventing...

blood clotting

Beta blockers treat CHD by slowing down...

heartbeat and improving blood flow

Statins treat CHD by blocking...

the formation of cholesterol

Stents treat CHD by widening...

arteries to increase blood flow

Define modifiable risk factors.

things that can be changed or treated to reduce the risk of a disease

Define multi-lateral organisations.

organisations in which funding comes from multiple governments and is distributed to multiple countries

Define bilateral organisations.

organisations in which funding comes from their home country and is more targeted to one country or area

NGOs provide approximately __% of all external health aid to developing countries.

20

What is an example of a cultural control on population growth?

China’s one child policy

Define total fertility rate.

the average number of children born per woman

Define net replacement rate.

the number of children each woman needs to have in order to maintain the current population

How is growth rate (%) calculated?

natural change x 100

In stage 1 of the DTM, both birth rate and death rate are consistently…

high

In stage 2 of the DTM, the death rate…

falls

In stage 3 of the DTM, both birth and death rate…

fall

In stage 4 of the DTM, the birth and death rate are both consistently…

low

In stage 5 of the DTM, death rate slightly ___ birth rate.

exceeds

Define demographic dividend.

the economic boost created when the economically active outweighs the dependents

A second demographic dividend is possible in an ageing population when the elderly…

spend their accumulated wealth

One weakness of the DTM is that it does not take into account…

migration

Define population ecology.

the changes in population due to a variety of factors

What is premium population?

an ideal balance between population and resources

Define overshoot.

the point at which population exceeds earth’s long-term carrying capacity

Who suggested an optimistic prediction on future population change?

Esther Boserup

Esther Boserup believed that food supplies and resources could be increased due to…

new technology and knowledge

Define ozone holes.

areas where the the ozone layer is thinner than it should be

What is the gas that is most harmful to the ozone layer?

CFCs

Ozone depletion can have two major impacts on health. It can cause…

skin cancer and cateracts

At which meeting did more than 30 companies agree to phase out CFCs?

Montreal protocol

Which country violated the agreement against CFCs at the Montreal protocol?

China

Rising sea levels due to climate change can have what impacts on health?

water quality related diseases such as cholera

Give two examples of vector-borne diseases that can become more widespread due to climate change.

malaria, lyme disease

Give three examples of types of farming.

arable, pastoral, subsistence

What does TFP stand for?

total factor productivity

Give one example of how crop yield can be increased.

invest in genetically modified crops

Give one example of how pastoral yield can be increased.

breeding programmes that favour certain genetics

What is the importance of agriculture in the semi-arid climate?

agriculture is the most important form of economic activity

What is the main type of farming found in the semi-arid climate?

pastoral

What are the two main threats to agriculture in the semi-arid climate?

population growth and less reliable rainfall

What is the main type of farming found in the mediterranean climate?

arable

What are the two main threats to agriculture in the mediterranean climate?

development due to tourism and a drying climate

Individual soil particles are called…

peds

Gaps between soil particles are called…

pore spaces

The earth’s body of soil is called the…

pedosphere

Define zonal soil.

a soil that has been forming for log periods of time

What is parent material?

the weathered bedrock from which soil forms

Which layer of the soil is most fertile?

the top layer

It is estimated that around ___ tonnes of topsoil are lost every year through water erosion.

75 billion

Name the four types of water erosion.

gully, rill, river bank and sheet

What is gully erosion?

rills are left unattended and turn into deeper gullies

What is rill erosion?

rainfall gathers on the soil surface and runs downhill, forming channels called rills

What is river bank erosion?

soil is washed away by unmanaged rivers

What is sheet erosion?

rainfall looses the soil, which is transported with overland flow

What are the four types of wind erosion?

abrasion and attrition, creep, saltation and suspension