AHSVC - S1 Final Study Guide

Anatomy

A study of the structure of the body.

Physiology

The study of functions of the structures in the body.

What does “Structure determines function” mean?

How something is arranged is what allows it to preform a specific job.

What is homeostasis?

Balance; reactions (rxns) in living things that need to occur in order to maintain balance.

What is homeostatic imbalance?

A fluctuation in the ability to maintain equilibrium and a constant environment within the body

What do hormones do?

Allow brain to send and receive signals.

Why are hormones important?

Hormones allow your body to maintain homeostasis.

Why are glands important?

In animals, they secrete hormones.

Why are nerves important?

Nerve cells allow us to keep in touch with both our internal and external environment, which allows us to sense changes.

What are target tissues?

Target tissues are tissues that receive secreted hormones.

Why are target tissues important?

Allow changes to be made in body in response to hormone to achieve homeostasis.

What is positive feedback?

Response in your body which promotes (adds on to, worsens) a change/problem occurring to promote homeostasis.

Explain the process of child birth, and how it is a positive feedback example. (Problem→Body’s response→Counteraction (Result))

Problem: Pressure from baby head pushing on cervix → Body’s response: Cervix nerves sense pressure, send signals to brain: Secrete oxytocin → Counteraction: Oxytocin causes contractions which push baby out.

What is negative feedback?

Response in your body which reverses a change/problem with a response to promote homeostasis.

Explain the process of low blood sugar, and how it is a negative feedback example. (Problem→Body’s response→Counteraction (Result))

Problem: Low blood sugar → Body’s response: Release hormone called glucagon which releases stored glucose in liver cells. → Counteraction: Extra glucose from liver cells increase blood sugar

What are the 6 levels of organization?

atoms/molecules → cells → tissues → organ → organ system → organism

What is standard anatomical position?

Standing, arms to side, palms facing forward, fingers relaxed.

What is the transverse plane?

A dividing line that separates the superior and inferior part of your body.

Where is the transverse plane located?

It is located perpendicular to the frontal/coronal and sagittal planes.

What is the frontal/coronal plane?

A diving line that separates the anterior and posterior parts of your body.

Where is the frontal/coronal plane located?

In SAP, it cuts a line going down the side of your body, perpendicular to the transverse plane with both ends pointing out to the right and left side of the body.

What is the sagittal plane?

A dividing line that separates the left and right parts of your body.

Where is the sagittal plane?

In SAP, it cuts a line straight through the body, perpendicular to the transverse plane with both ends pointing out to the anterior and posterior parts of the body.

What does Superior mean?

Above or in a higher position

What does Inferior mean?

Below or lower

What does Ventral mean?

Near the surface or front of the body

What does Anterior mean?

Near the surface or front of the body

What does Dorsal mean?

Near the back of the body

What does Posterior mean?

Near the back of the body

What does Cranial mean?

Near the head

What does Caudal mean?

Tail end or sacral region

What does Medial mean?

Towards the midline

What does Lateral mean?

Away from the midline

What does Proximal mean?

Towards the point of attachment

What does Distal mean?

Away from the point of attachment

What does the Spinal Cavity contain?

Spinal cord

What does the Cranial Cavity contain?

The Brain

What does the Thoracic Cavity contain?

The heart, lungs and large blood vessels.

Contains the pleural, pericardial and mediastinum cavities.

What does the Abdominal Cavity contain?

Stomach, most intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen.

What does the Pelvic Cavity contain?

Urinary bladder, rectum, and parts of the reproductive system.

What are the dorsal/posterior body cavities?

The Cranial Cavity and Spinal Cavity.

What are the ventral/anterior body cavities?

The Thoracic (pleural, pericardial and mediastinum), Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities.

Which one shows the abdominal quadrant?

Right

Which one shows the abdominal regions?

Left

What is fascia?

Tough, sheetlike membrane that covers & protects muscle tissues

What is a prime mover?

Muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement. When antagonist muscle moves, it is stretched/relaxed. (Ex: Biceps brachii)

What is an antagonist muscle?

The muscle that sits opposing the prime mover-assists in relaxing or reversing prime mover. When prime mover moves, it is stretched/relaxed. (Ex: Triceps brachii)

What is a synergist?

A muscle that aids the prime mover’s movement. It prevents rotation. (Ex: Brachialis)

What is a fixator?

A fixator stabilizes the origin of a prime mover and keeps it in place so prime mover can move more efficiently. (Ex: Pectoralis minor)

What is flexion?

Bending a joint, decreasing the angle between two bones.

What is extension?

Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between two bones.

What is hyperextension?

Extension of the parts of a joint beyond normal anatomical position.

What is adduction?

Moving a body part towards the midline.

What is abduction?

Moving a body part away from the midline.

What is pronation?

Turning the arm or foot downward (palm or sole faces down).

What is supination?

Turning the arm or foot upward (palm or sole of the foot faces upward).

What is retraction?

Moving a body part backward.

What is protraction?

Moving a body part forward.

What is elevation?

Raising a body part.

What is depression?

Lowering a body part.

What is rotation?

Turning a body part on a single axis.

What is circumduction?

Circular motion of a limb at a joint.

What external/lateral rotation?

Rotation of a limb away from the midline.

What is internal/medial rotation?

Rotation of a limb towards the midline.

What is lateral flexion?

Left or right movement of a body side to side; side bending.

What is inversion?

Turning the sole of the foot inward.

What is eversion?

Turning of the foot outward.

What is dorsiflexion?

Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin; decreasing angle between the toes and the shin.

What is plantarflexion?

Ankle movement pointing the foot downward away from the shin; decreasing the angle between the toes and the shin.

What is radial deviation?

Movement of the wrist towards the radius or the lateral side; farther from the midline.

What is ulnar deviation?

Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side; closer to the midline.

What is opposition?

Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

What are some exercises on the transverse plane?

Washing machine, Russian twist and chest fly.

What are some exercises on the frontal/coronal plane?

Jumping jacks, side bends and side shuffle.

What are some exercises on the sagittal plane?

Push-ups, Frankensteins and hip thrusts.

What is a degree of freedom?

The number of planes a joint can move.

What is an example of a joint with one degree of freedom?

Elbow, knee, interphalangeal joint (joints between finger bones)

What is one degree of freedom otherwise called? (When a joint has one degree of freedom it is…)

Uniaxial

What is an example of a joint with two degrees of freedom?

Wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints (joints between fingers and metacarpals or the palm part of your hand)

What is two degrees of freedom otherwise called? (When a joint has two degrees of freedom it is…)

Biaxial

What is an example of a joint with three degrees of freedom?

Shoulder, hips

What is three degrees of freedom otherwise called? (When a joint has three degrees of freedom it is…)

Triaxial

What is a sarcomere?

The sarcomere is what makes up the myofibril, the smallest component of the striated muscle.

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What are the three connective tissues of striated muscle?

Perimysium (covers fascicles, which are bundles of muscle fibers) → Endomysium (covers muscle fibers) → Sarcolemma (MEMBRANE, covers muscle fibers)

What does perimysium do?

Covers fascicles, which are bundles of muscle fibers.

What is perimysium?

Connective tissue that occurs in the muscular system.

What does endomysium do?

Covers individual muscle fibers.

What is endomysium?

Connective tissue that occurs in the muscular system.

What does sarcolemma do?

It is a membrane that surrounds myofibril, which makes up muscle fibers.

What do myofibrils contain?

Sarcomere

What is a sarcomere?

Sarcomere is what makes up myofibers.

What does label 1 refer to?

Sarcomere

What does label 2 refer to?

H-zone (contains m-line and where myosin and actin are not overlapping)

What does label 3 refer to?

Actin (thin filament)

What does label 4 refer to?

Myosin (thick filament)

What does label 5 refer to?

Z-line/z-disc (attaches to actin)

What does label 6 refer to?

A-band (contains myosin and h-zone)

What does label 7 refer to?

I-band (contains z-disc and actin)

What does label 8 refer to?

M-line

What are the four functions of the muscular system?

1) Produce movement, 2) Maintain posture, 3) Joint stability, 4) Generate heat