Anatomy Test 3

most important function of larynx

airway protection

ways that the larynx prevents entrance of foreign objects

coughing
throat clearing

non speech laryngeal function

abdominal fixation
coughing
throat clearing

Forceful evacuation of respiratory passageway

coughing

Clears respiratory tract of mucous

throat clearing

Impounds air in thorax to stabilize the torso

abdominal fixation

Biologic Functions of the Larynx

permits a person to hold their breath

examples of biologic function of larynx

swimming
lifting
childbirth
defecation

product of vibrating vfs within the larynx

phonation

vibrate as air passes through them

vfs

maintained by Bernoulli effect and tissue elasticity

phonation

phonation is maintained by

Bernoulli effect and tissue elasticity

provides energy that allows phonation

respiration

phonation is

voice for speech

spoken communication uses

voiceless and voiced sounds

produced without use of vfs

voiceless sounds

produced by action of vfs

voiced sounds

false vfs are also called

ventricular folds

space between vfs

glottis

most important space for speech

vfs

vfs are defined by ______________ _______________ that allows for voicing

variable sphincter

subglottic =

below vfs

supraglottic=

above vfs

true vfs are ___________ the false vfs

inferior to

space between true and false vfs

ventricle

musculo cartilaginous structure

larynx

larynx is located at

top first ring of trachea

larynx is anterior to

cervical vertebrae 4-6

average length of larynx
male
female

44mm
36mm

3 factors that affect pitch of voice

length
mass
tension

of vfs

fat part of the cricoid cartilage is in

the back

arytenoids ride on top of

fat part of cricoid cartilage

narrow part of cricoid cartilage is in

front

larynx is surgically removed

laryngectomy

if someone has a laryngectomy can someone use voicing for speech

no

after a laryngectomy, it is difficult to

cough up phlegm

expectorate

cough up

laryngectomy would result in cessation of activities like

swimming

someone with a laryngectomy must breathe through

tracheostoma

does laryngectomy affect swallowing

yes

is laryngectomy the same as a tracheostomy

no

after laryngectomy, patient is referred to as

laryngectomee

physiological correlate (psychoacoustic correlate) of frequency

pitch

number of cycels of vibration per second

frequency

pitch increases as frequency

increases

pitch decreases as frequency

decreases

frequency of vibration that is most efficient for a pair of vfs

optimal pitch

optimal pitch varies with

gender and age

optimal pitch can be Clinically estimated through

cough or throat clear

can you figure out optimal pitch mathematically

yes

Frequency habitually used by a person

habitual pitch

is optimal pitch and habitual pitch the same

ideally yes, but not always

Effort to sustain phonation at a sub optimal frequency causes

vocal fatigue

average fundamental frequency is calculated

over time; task can vary

Difference between lowest and highest frequencies an individual can produced

pitch range

pitch range is reduced by

pathology

pitch range is increased by

vocal trainging

air, like liquid, seeks

equilibrium

For vfs to vibrate, the pressure below the cords must be

higher than that above the cords

minimum subglottic pressure required to set the TVC into motion

phonation threshold pressure

phonation threshold pressure varies with

pitch

higher pitches require

higher pressures

allows thyroid to rock downward and glide slightly forward and back

cricothyroid joint

Provides major mechanism for pitch adjustment

laryngeal movement

If thyroid is rocked down it will

stretch vfs

muscles that have one attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

extrinsic laryngeal muscles __________ or _________ the larynx

elevate or depress

Make gross adjustments in the vocal mechanism

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

important in swallowing

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

major types of extrinsic laryngeal muslces

Hyoid elevators
Laryngeal elevators
Hyoid depressors
Laryngeal depressors

supra and infra hyoid muscles do what to the larynx

raise and lower

Muscles that have both attachments on a laryngeal structure

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Responsible for fine adjustments associated with control of phonation

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

muscles of tongue do what

elevate larynx

Increase tension of cricothyroid

Origin and insertion within the larynx

intrinsic muscles

intrinsic muscles that are adductors

Lateral cricoarytenoid
Transverse arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid

origin of lateral cricoarytenoid

superior lateral surface of cricoid cartilage

insertion of lateral cricoarytenoid

muscular process of arytenoid

innervation of lateral cricoarytenoid

X (Vagus)- recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior laryngeal nerve

function of lateral cricoarytenoid

adducts vfs, increases medial compression (force b/w vfs when closed) (increased when cough, decrease when whispering)

transverse and oblique arytenoids often called

interarytenoids

transverse and oblique arytenoids are

between arytenoids

origin of transverse arytenoids

lateral margin of posterior arytenoid

insertion of transverse arytenoids

lateral margin of posterior surface opposite arytenoid

innervation of transverse arytenoids

X (Vagus)- recurrent laryngeal nerve

function of transverse arytenoids

adduct vfs

origin of oblique arytenoids

posterior base of muscular process of arytenoid

insertion of oblique arytenoids

apex of opposite arytenoid

innervation of oblique arytenoids

X (Vagus)- recurrent laryngeal nerve

function of oblique arytenoids

pull apex medially

origin of posterior cricoarytenoid

posterior cricoid lamina

lamina

body

insertion of posterior cricoarytenoid

posterior aspect of muscular process of arytenoid

innervation of posterior cricoarytenoid

X (vagus)- recurrent laryngeal nerve

function of posterior cricoarytenoid

abducts vfs

abducts

opens vfs

adducts

closes vfs

intrinsic muscle tensors

Cricothyroid pars recta (medial)

Cricothyroid pars oblique (lateral)

Thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoid)

intrinsic muscle relaxers

Thyromuscularis (lateral thyroarytenoid)

Superior thyroarytenoid

origin of cricothyroid pars recta

anterior surface of the cricoid cartilage beneath the arch