BIOLOGY CHEEK EXAM 1

· List characteristics shared by all living things

1. all made up of cells

2. process information(hereditary and genetic)

3. acquire and use energy

4. evolve

THE CELL, EVOLUTION AND CHROMOSOME THEORIES.

Scientific Method

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· Distinguish regions of the alimentary canal and accessory glands by function: digestion, secretion, or absorption

accessory glands: The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

alimentary canal:mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus.

· Name the digestive secretions released into the mouth, stomach, duodenum

mouth: amalase and mucus(saliva)

stomach: HCL, Pepsin and mucus

duodenum: dissacharideases

· Name the source of each digestive secretion and state its function

amalyse:

mucus: salivary glands lubricates chyme.

· Identify types of biomolecules in particular foods

carbohydrates: bread pasta

protein: fish eggs meat yogurt

lipids: oils butters fats

Nucleic acids: fruits, legumes,meat.

· List types of biomolecules digested in each digestive compartment: mouth, stomach, duodenum

check study guide

prokaryotic cells

unicellular and tiny less than 5micrometers, all bacterias, cell wall, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, sticky capsule

no nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

10x bigger, specialized compartments and organelles

· List the 4 characteristics shared by all cells

1. a plasma membrane

2.DNA: information

3. ribosomes:protein synthesis

4.cytoplasm: jelly substance

function of the nucleus

information storage and transmission

ribosome assembly and structural support.

function of smooth er

lipid processing and synthesis

function of rough ER

protein synthesis and processing

function of lysosomes

digestion and recycling.

function of golgi apparatus

protein.lipid and carb processing.

function of mitochondria

ATP production

function of chloroplasts

production of sugars via photosynthesis

· Describe how secreted proteins are transported through the endomembrane system and out of the cell by exocytosis

. Made in rough ER. 2. Protein goes through compartments of the golgi apparatus. 3. Ends up in a vesicle that transiently fuses at the cell plasma via plasma membrane structures called porosomes, depositing proteins outside of cell.

· Explain why there is an inter-membrane space when there is a double membrane

outer membrane has protein pores to allow molecules into the cell the inner membrane has a more selective permeability The inner membrane is also loaded with proteins involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis.

adaptation

Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment.

alimentary canal

In animals, a chamber or tube where digestion takes place.

apical membrane

region of the plasma membrane located. at the apex of the epithelial cell that is separated, in vertebrates, from the basal-lateral. region by a ring of tight junctions.(top of epithelium)

basolateral membrane

(bottom of epithilium)the fraction of the plasma membrane at the basolateral side of the cell, which faces adjacent cells and the underlying connective tissue.

cholecystokinin

A peptide hormone secreted by cells in the lining of the small intestine. Stimulates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the release of bile by the gallbladder

co-transport

transport of an ion and a polar molecule down the concentration gradient of the ion, but against the gradient of the polar molecule

diffusion

Spontaneous movement of a substance from one region to another, often with a net movement from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration

digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into molecules that can be absorbed into the body of an animal.

duodenum

1. region of the small intestine where fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are digested

epithelium

An animal tissue consisting of sheetlike layers of tightly packed cells that line an organ, a gland, a duct, or a body surface.

facilitated diffusion

Passive movement (diffusion) of a substance across a membrane with the assistance of transmembrane carrier proteins or channel proteins

gastrin

A hormone produced by cells in the stomach lining in response to the arrival of food or to a neural signal from the brain. Stimulates other stomach cells to release hydrochloric acid.

gastrovascular cavity

digestion, which takes place in a gastrovascular cavity with only one opening. ex jellyfish

helicobacter pylori

nfection occurs when Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria infect your stomach. This usually happens during childhood.

hydrolysis

A chemical reaction in which a molecule is split into smaller molecules by reacting with water. In biology, most hydrolysis reactions involve the splitting of polymers into monomers.

hyperosmotic

Hyperosmotic: solution with the greater concentration of solute ( salt water compared to fresh water).

hypoosmotic

Hypoosmotic: solution with a lesser concentration of solute ( fresh water compared to salt water).9. describes a solution with lower osmolarity compared to another solution

ileum

The ileum is the final portion of the small intestine, measuring around 3 meters, and ends at the cecum. It absorbs any final nutrients,

ingestion

The act of bringing food into the digestive tract

integral/transmembrane protein

Any membrane protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer. Also called transmembrane protein.

isosmotic

Referring to a solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration as another solution

jejunum

the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum absorbs sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

lipid

Any organic substance that does not dissolve in water, but dissolves well in nonpolar organic solvents. Lipids include fatty acids, fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids.

microvilli

tiny folds of the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells

osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region (higher water concentration) to a region of (lower water concentration

pepsin

A protein-digesting enzyme secreted in inactive form (as pepsinogen) by chief cells in the stomach lining.

peristalsis

Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction. In the digestive tract, pushes food along

phagocytosis

1. process of one cell ingesting, then digesting another cell

saturated fatty acid

A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds

secretin

a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (especially in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas.

selective permeability

The property of a membrane that allows some substances to diffuse across it much more readily than other substances

tight junction

A type of cell-cell attachment structure that links the plasma membranes of adjacent animal cells, forming a barrier that restricts movement of substances in the space between the cells.(found in epithelium)

unsaturated fatty acid

those containing one or more double bonds indicating that they can absorb additional hydrogen atoms.

villi

Small, fingerlike projections (1) of the lining of the small intestine or Function to increase the surface area available for absorption of nutrients and gas exchange.

channel protein

A transmembrane protein that forms a pore in a cell membrane, which may open or close in response to a signal category of protein that facilitates diffusion of small polar molecules such as water across the cell membrane

carrier protein

type of transmembrane protein that facilitates diffusion of glucose or fructose across the cell membrane

cholestorol

Cholesterol is a structural component of cell membranes(fatty)

dehydration reaction

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined covalently with the removal of an -OH from one and an -H from another to form water. ex bond between two amino acids

ester linkage

The covalent bond formed by a condensation reaction between a carboxyl group and a hydroxyl group. Ester linkages join fatty acids to glycerol to form a fat or phospholipid

osmolarity

The concentration of dissolved solutes in a solution, measured in osmoles per liter.

phospholipid

A class of lipid having a hydrophilic head (including a phosphate group) and a hydrophobic tail (consisting of two hydrocarbon chains). Major components of the plasma membrane and organelle membranes

prokaryote

A member of the domain Bacteria or Archaea; a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components.

eukaryote

an organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton. May be unicellular or multicellular.

plasmid

A small, usually circular, supercoiled DNA molecule that exists independently of the cell's main chromosome(s) in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes.

endocytosis

General term for any pinching off of the plasma membrane that results in the uptake of material from outside the cell

peptide bond

1. covalent bond that forms the primary structure of a protein

primary structure

The sequence of the amino acid in a protein determines the shape and ints function.

secondary structure

localized shape of a protein alpha helix: stabilized by hydrogen bonds

beta helix too

tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from multiple interactions among the amino acid side chains and the peptide backbone.

nucleotide

A molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), one or more phosphate groups, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases.

phoshodiester bond

1. covalent bond between two nucleotides

microfilaments

A long fiber, about 7 nm in diameter, composed of two intertwined strands of polymerized actin protein; Involved in cell structure and movement.

microtubles

A long tubular fiber, about 25 nm in diameter, formed by polymerization of tubulin protein dimers;Involved in cell structure, movement, and transport of materials within the cell.

intermediate filaments

A long fiber, about 10 nm in diameter, composed of one of various proteins. Used to form networks that help maintain cell shape and hold the nucleus in place.

lysosomes

Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself

golgi apparatus

A eukaryotic organelle, consisting of stacks of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae), that functions in processing and sorting proteins and lipids destined to be secreted or directed to other organelles.

endoplasmic reticulum

A network of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules found inside eukaryotic cells that functions in synthesizing lipids and proteins.

exocytosis

Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell

selective permeability

The property of a membrane that allows some substances to diffuse across it much more readily than other substances.

passive transport

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane. When this event occurs with the assistance of membrane proteins, it is called facilitated diffusion.

facilitated diffusion

Passive movement (diffusion) of a substance across a membrane with the assistance of transmembrane carrier proteins or channel proteins.

Explain how water crosses the cell membrane

Water has a hard time passing through the cell membrane because the inside of cell's lipid bilayer is hydrophobic. Transport proteins help take it across the cell membrane. More specifically, channel proteins allow water to transfer 10 times faster than when there is no aquaporins (channel protein).therefore water crosses the cell through facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion but simple diffusion is very slow.

Explain why co-transport is a type of active transport

A transmembrane protein that facilitates diffusion of an ion down its previously established electrochemical gradient and uses the energy of that process to transport some other substance, in the same or opposite direction, against its concentration gradient

active transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a membrane in a single direction, often against a gradient. Requires energy (e.g., from hydrolysis of ATP) and assistance of a transport protein

Diffusion

Spontaneous movement of a substance from one region to another, often with a net movement from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration (i.e., down a concentration gradient).

osmosis

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration (higher water concentration) to a region of higher solute concentration (lower water concentration). For osmosis to occur, the solute would not be able to pass through the membran

saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

unsaturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double or triple

function of a fat, phospholipid and steroid

Fats store chemical energy; certain steroids and phospholipids are key components of cell membranes.

saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.

unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

define a monomer and polymer

Monomer- simple unit that makes up larger molecules(A small molecule that can covalently bind to other similar molecules to form a larger macromolecule. Compare with polymer.)

Polymer- repeating units of monomers(Any large molecule composed of small repeating units (monomers) bonded together. The main biological polymers are proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharide)

explain why lipids are not polymers

Polymers are macromolecules made of smaller subunits (monomers), and a simple lipid is made of an ester of fatty acid and glycerol (no monomers).

The Fluid-Mosiac Model

cell membranes were structured like a sandwich in which hydrophilic proteins coat both sides of a pure lipid bilayer

cell exterior

peripheral membrane protein

phospholipid bilayer with the integral membrane protein

peripheral membrane protein

cell extrerior

explain how Na+-k+ATPase creates an ion gradient across the cell membrane

9moves two potassium ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps three sodium ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid

compare diffusion and osmosis, giving examples of substances that cross the membrane by each process

diffusion: oxygen and carbon dioxide, glucose, and urea

osmosis: water.both move down the concentration gradient from high to low

compare cotransport by a carrier protein vs transport by a channel protein

Channel proteins only transport ions and molecules down the concentration gradient, which does not require any energy. Carrier proteins only consume energy to transport substances against the concentration gradient.

Carrier proteins are proteins that bind to molecules or ions on one side of the membrane and release them on the other. Channel proteins create holes/pores that penetrate the membrane, enabling target molecules or ions to flow through via diffusion without interfering with one anothe

phospholipid bilayer

A double layer of phospholipids that makes up plasma and organelle membranes.

the general structural formula of the three types of carbon skeletons.

straight chain

branched chain

ring structure

Identify each of the 6 functional groups within a biomolecule, given a structural diagram

. Hydroxyl (-OH)2. Phosphate (-PO4^3-)3. Amino (-NH2)4. Sulfhydryl (-SH)5. Methyl (-CH3)6. Carbonyl (C=O)7. Carboxyl (-COOH)

Name the properties of each functional group: polar, non-polar, acid, base, negative charge

Hydroxyl

- Polar & Slightly acidic

Phosphate

- Polar & Highly acidic

Amino

- Polar & Acts as a base

Sulfhydryl

- Polar & Neither acidic nor basic

Methyl

- Non-polar & Neither acidic nor basic

Carbonyl

- Polar & Weakly acidic

Carboxyl

- Polar & Highly acidic