BSC 226: Botany Module 1 Exam
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123 Terms
Empirical Evidence
physical and observable evidence
supernatural, moral, aesthertic judments
what is not considered science?
null hypothesis
hypothesis that says experimentla treamtment will have no effect
control
samples without treatment
randomization
minimizing confounding variables
replication
repeating an experiment many times in different plaes
Ronald A Fisher
biologist that developed the key componets of exerpiemtnal design: controls, randomization, replication
descriptive statstics
type of statistics that is useful for describing a sample
ex: mean, median, mode, standard deviation
inferential statistics
types of stats useful for identifiying relationships among the variables and for inferring the characteristics of the larger population from a sample
→ regression, correlation, hypthesis testing
significant
if a p value is more than .05, the data is considered
low
the t-test graph depicted shows how much variability
medium
the t-test graph depicated shows how much variability
high
the t-test graph depciated show much much variability
bell curve
the shape of a t-test graph
Type I Error
when a rejection of a true null hypothesis, it is this type of error
→ false positive
type II error
failure to reject a false null hypothesis, type of error
→ false negative
botany
science of plants
heterotrophic
when organisms consume the organic compounds produced by external sources
autotrophic
organsism that make their own energy rich molecules
net primary productivity
the amount of energy that an organism can store and make avaliable
ex: how much sunlight does the plant get, access to water
Principal input of carbon
through photosyhtensis, autotrophs use energy(co2) from the sun to properl reactions where CO2 is combined with other compounds; we consider them to be the ________ of the biosphere
productivity
complexitiy of an ecosystem depends on the _______ of its autotrophs because non autotrophs rely on autotrophs for both energy and carbon
systematics
the scientific study of biodiversity
the discovery, description, and interpretation of biological diveristy and the synthesis of information on diveristy in teh form of phylohensis and predictive classifcation system
Nature is oderly
phyiscal world operatures udner cause/effect
our senses are accurate
Assumptions of science
CO2
where does most mass of a log come from
animals
what kingdom has the largest number of speciesi (at 1.25 million)
320,000
how many plant species are there
phylogenetics
study of evoultionary relationships
Protestant reformation
What major social movement effected all science by breaking the Catholic Church’s monopoly on science
Characterized by scientists like Joseph Banks and Charles Darwin
theophrastus
“father of botny” study of aristole thhat classififed plants into different forms
→ focused on human usage
printing press
what major invention in 1440 helped produce and share info around the world
John Ray
Enlgish botanist during the reniassance that descirbed 18,600 species with Latin polynomials
→ modern concept of species
Carolus Linneaus
Swedish naturalist, “father of systamtics”
→ based is classification system on the sexual system for plants based on numbers of male and female sexual parts
→ consisitently used binomial nomenclature
Biological Species COncept
species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isoalted from other such groups
phylogenetic species concept
species are the smallest aggregation of (sexual) populations or (asexual) lineages diagnosable by a unqiue combination of character states’
monophyletic group
includes ancestral taxon and ALL of its descendants
→ clades
common garden experiment
a method of species delimiation that studies how enviroment changes morphology
binomial
species names make up genus and speific epithet in latin, making them
uninomials
genera and higher catergories are
Follow the rules of Code
Priority: who described it first
Identify a Type Specimen
how to determine the correct name of a species
paraphyletic group
includes ancestor and some, but not all of its descants
polyphyletic
group with two or more common ancestors, but does not include the most common ancestory
Sister taxa
any taxa dervied from a common ancestral node.
outgroup
a group of organisms not beloning to the group whose evoultionary relationships are being investigated
synapomorphy
a shared, dervied charcter common between an ancestor and its descendants.
→
Convergent Evolution
comparable selective forces cause unrelated species to assume similar appearances
→ cause analogous traits
homologous
simialirty in traits in based on a common ancestor
plesiomorphy
trait preset in the common ancestor
Polytomy
A node on a phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single ancestral lineage
1953
what yeat was the sturcutre of DNA elucidated by Watson and Crick
phlyum
in plants,
ophyta means
family
in plants and fungi aceae means
phlyum
in fungi, omycota means
isotypes
duplicates of a plant in other locations
Diagnosis
when naming a new species a statement of what differentiates them from other species in latin or english
full descirption
hat esle can be given instead of a diganosis when naming a new species
Protists
Kingdom that includes all eukaryotes not animals, plants or fungi
endosymbitoic theory
theorythe that mitochondria and plastis evovled from extant bacteria when they were englufed by an early Eurkayote
Evidence: → Mt and cp are formed via binary fission
→ bacterial ribosomes
→ circular DNA
protozoa
animal like protists
water molds
fungal like protists
phytoplankton
photosynthetic alga that are suspended in water
Dinophyta
PHLYUM
Unicellular protists (algae) with two flagella that beat within grooves
dinoflagellates
reside in mostly marine, freshwater environments
stiff cellulose plates
store food as starch
→ perpendicular to each other (transerve, longitudional)
→mixotrophic
→ contain chlorophylls A and C
→ carotenoid: perdinin
perdinin
what type of carotenoid do dinoflagellates possess?
starch
how do dinoflagellates store food
A and C
what chlorophylls do dinoflagellates posses
chlorophyll b
type of cchlorophyll pigment that absorbs orange and red light and reflects green color,
Seen as green in algae and plants
Zooxanthellae
type of dinoflagellates that are symbionts in corals and other marine organisms
→lack plates and symbitoic
→ perform photosynthesis and transport glycerol (NOT STARCH) to the animal host
Karenia
type of genera of dinoflagellates that becomes so abudant in waters they cause algal blooms or red tides
→ produce nerotoxins or toxins which paralyze fish respiratory systems and then feed on dead fish
dinoflagellates
what phlyum has bioluminesence
Euglenophyta
PHYLUM
type of protist that is unicellular
mostly freshwater or marine
→ plasma membrane supported by helically arranged protein strips: pellicle
→ store food as paramylon
→ have two flagella, but only one sticks out
→ red eyespot for sensing light
→ 1/3 are autotrophic with chlorophylls a and b w/ 3 chloroplast membranes; otherwise mixotrophic
→ do not all have chloroplasts
paramylon
how do Euglenoids store food
Gametic Life Cycle
type of life cycle
key stage of chnage in the life cycle occurs during production of gametes
most of lifecycle is spent as a diploid
zygotic life cycle
type of life cycle;
key stage of chnage occurs during the production of the zygote
most of the life cycle is spent as a haploid organism
produces gametes through mitosis
ex: fungi, some dinoflagellates, algae, and some protists
Sporic Life cycle
type of lfie cycle
two key stages in life cycle: production of spores by MEIOSIS and gametes by MITOSIS
→ spores grow into sturcutres called gametophyte (n)
haploid
spores are considerd
archegonium
female gametophyte in mosses and sperms (some gynmosperms) that contains eggs (N)
antherdium
male gametophyte in mosses and gerns that hold sperm
Heterokonts
Clade of protists
Characterized by two flagella: one long and hairy and one short and smooth
→ some are autotrophic - have chlorophylls a and b
→ contain carotenoid fucoxanthin
→ look yellowish
Oomycota
CLASS of protists that have filamentous form
→ HETEROKANT
→ saprotrophic
→ cell walls of cellulose
→ heterokont flagella
→ Gametic Life Cycle
→food storage is glycogen
Phytophthora
genus of oomycota that caused the Late Blight of Potato, caused Irish famine
Bacillariophyta
PHYLUM
Unicellular, sometimes colonial protists
diatoms
→ Heterkont: 2 flagella are limited to male gametes
→ important component of phytoplankton
→ two cell walls of Opaline silica
→ COntain chlorophylls a and c
→ carotenoid fucoxanthin
→ store energy as lipids and crysolaminarin
crysolaminarin
Compound simialr to laminarian that diatoms use to store energy
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
PHYLUM
largest protists
→ most common in cooler waters
→ Cell wall made of algin and fucoidan
→ contain chlorophyll a and c
→ carotenoids fucoxanthin
→ store energy in the form of laminarin
→ plant-like: thalloid, holdfast
algin
made by brown algae, jelly lie structure used in paitns, foods, cosmetics, bandages, and paper
Red Algae
PHYLUM
Mostly marine protists ranging from unicellular to large seaweeds
→ cell walls of mucilage and cellulose
→ contain chlorophyll a and phycobilins (red pigment)
→ store energy as floridean starch
→ no flagella at all
→ cell walls of cellulose
mucliage
what in red algaes cell wall give us agar and carrageenans (makes chocolate milk, ice cream, lubricants)
Cell walls cellulose
starch
chlorophylls a and b
Three key feautres that green alage shares with green plants
Green Algae
→ apart of the land plants phlyum
→ range from morphologically unicellular to multicellular bodies
→ variety of habitats
→ variety of lifecycles
→ female part of plant will retain and hold onto the egg until fertilization has occurred
→ apical growth
→ spore walls with sporopollenin
Apical Growth
type of growth exhibited in plants and some green algaes. Stems cells are at the tips of plants, cornerrs and sides and have them their whole life, meaning they can regrow
Acetabularia
type of green algae that was used for genetic research. Lead to the discovery and naming of mRNA
Chlamydomonas
Genus of green algae
consdiered a model organisms _> simple
→ quick life cycle
→ photosynthetic
characteristics of land plants
sporic life cycle
gametangia for making antheridida and archegonia
retention of both egg and embryo
presence of a cuticle
presence of pores or stomata
Bryophyta
phylum making up Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
life cycle dominated by gametophyte
no vascular tissue
no seeds
sperm are flagellated
Marchantiophyta
phylum of bryophytes
liverworts
contain a thallus, pores, and gemmi cups
epiphytic
pores
open cuticle on bryophyta, typically found on liverworts
thallus
undifferentied body, not differetntied into roots, stems, leaves
epipthytic
bryophytes that grow on other plants
gemma cups
haploid sexual reproductive structure of liverworts
Anthocerophyta
Phylum of bryophytes
hornworts
looks like the thalloid liverworts
narrow cylindrical sporophyte
stomata is found on the sporophyte
have a single large plastid in each cell
symbiotic relationship with Nostoc→ cyanobacteria
→ nitrogen fixing
bryophyta
phlyum of bryophytes
-mosses
→ epiphytes
→ simple tissue for transporting liquids (hadrom)
→ cushiony or feathery morphs
→ sporic life cycle