BIOL 118 unit 3 part 1

specialized senses, autonomic NS, blood intro lectures 17-19

conduction deafness

stiffening joints between ossicles

neural blindness

damage to cones in macula

high blood pressure

this can “bump” macula out of place so light doesn’t hit the right photoreceptors causing macular degeneration

myosin and actin filaments

allow cross bridge cycling, contraction/relaxing of platlets

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

autonomic nervous system effectors

ganglion

synaptic relay between neurons of the autonomic nervous system

unmylinated

unique characteristic of post ganglionic axons

adrenal medulla

secretes hormones epinephrine and noradrenaline

epinephrine

short term stress hormone released into blood by adrenal medulla creating a full body sympathetic response

high pitch/frequency sounds

disturb shorter stuffer basilar membrane fibers at the “base”

cones

photoreceptors most affected by macular degeneration

frequency

specific detection determines where on the basilar membrane hairs are ordered

place coding

mechanical frequency filtering that takes place at basilar membrane

basilar membrane

 acts as a spectral analyzer that translates vibration frequencies within the cochlear fluid pressure waves into positions of maximal displacement along its length

low frequency/low pitch

localize near lowest, widest, least stiff part of basilar membrane

cornea

clear window in which light enters eye, has many nerve endings when triggered causes blinking and increased tear production

sclera

firm white outer fibrous layer of eyeball, protects and maintains eyeball shape

pupil

opening in center of the iris through which light enters eye

retina

two layered, on back of eye which when hit by light triggers an action potential

photoreceptors

specialized neuron cells in retina responsible for converting light to an action potential, which activates signaling to brain

rods

photoreceptor with a 3:1 neuron ratio, receives black/white images, cylindrically shaped, more numerous in number

cones

photoreceptor with a 1:1 neuron ratio, receives color

inhibitory action potentials

default state is in the dark, rods always firing ___

light

causes protein conformation change closing Na+ channels of rod photoreceptor

reduction in release of inhibitory neurotransmitter

affect of hyper polarization of rod cell

blind spot

space where optic nerve leaves eyeball and no photoreceptors are present

center of the retina

where are cones most dense?

lens

transmits and focuses light on retina, transparent structure made of layered epithelial cells, unable to repair itself/replicate

fovea

a small depression in the retina where visual detail is most focused/sharp, pit inside macula with only cones

cataracts

with age buildup of protein aggregates cause lens to become cloudy, and light cannot be focused to photoreceptors and is instead scattered

macula

center portion of retina with a dense region of photoreceptors

macular degeneraton

caused when macula “bumped” out of place and light doesn’t hit the right dense region of photoreceptors causing blurry central vision

cones

missing one of these is the cause of color blindness

optic nerve

bundle of nerves that carry signals from retinal photoreceptors to the brain

ciliary muscles

adjust shape of the lens to accommodate objects objects of varying distances away

light wavelengths

three different cones distinguished by how they respond differently to ___

optic disc

site which photoreceptors are distributed all along the retina

bipolar cells

when inhibition removed, stimulate ganglion cells which send action potentials along their axon

hyper polarization

chemical change that results from light hitting photoreceptor

frequency

refers to pitch

amplitude

refers to loudness

hertz

unit that measures frequency

decibles

unit that measures amplitude

sound wave

air molecules hit ear

pinna

shell shaped structure surrounding auditory canal opening

middle ear

small air filled cavity within temporal bone with a tube that links to throat, an ear infection is causes when this is filled with fluid

inner ear

fluid filed, composed of three bone subdivisions that when vibrated amplify sound

cochlea

the spiral cavity of the inner ear which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.

semicircular canals

tiny, fluid-filled tubes in the inner ear that help you keep your balance

ossicles

three bony structures that allow for the transmission of sound waves through amplification

conduction deafness

when the natural movement of sound through the external ear or middle ear is blocked, and the full sound does not reach the inner ear cells that create the action potential

neural deafness

problem in the inner ear due to hair cells not being able to properly send action potentials to brain

tympanic membrane

also known as the eardrum, separates outer from inner ear, transmits vibrations to ossicles

cochlear nerve

transmits the electrical impulses generated for hearing and localization of sound

loud sounds

can cause both neural and conduction deafness

hair cells

specialized cells responsible for the transduction of sound-evoked mechanical vibrations into electrical signals that are then relayed to the brain

conduction deafness

type of deafness hearing aids help overcome

mechanically gated ion channel

channel that responds to hair cell vibration

depolarization

as sound waves pull hair cells over ____ triggers an action potential

parasympathetic inhibitory response

constricts pupil, constricts bronchi, slows heart

parasympathetic stimulatory response

stimulates salivation, urination, pancreas and intestines

sympathetic inhibitory response

inhibits salivation, urination, stomach and intestines

sympathetic stimulatory response

dilate pupils, increase heart rate, dilates bronchi, stimulates glucose release from liver,

cortisol

long term stress hormone released into blood by adrenal medulla

cortisol levels

how to measure physiological stress response

transport o2

RBC main function

testosterone

hormone that affects hematocrit levels

hematocrit

percent volume of RBC in blood

buffy coat

percent volume WBC, platelets, lowest % blood composition

plasma

percent volume water, nutrients, hormones, proteins etc in blood

plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit

3 blood components lightest to heaviest

blood

only way substances can be transported long distances in body

volume oxygen carrying capacity

measured by % RBC composition

albumins

protein in blood plasma made by liver that carries non polar molecules in blood

amphipathic

molecule/protein with both hydrophobic/hydrophilic components

fibrinogen

protein involved in blood clotting

globulin

protein group in blood important for immune system function

hematopoiesis

formation of all blood cellular components

erythrocytes

another name for red blood cells

bone marrow

origin of blood stem cells

hemocytoblast

multipotent blood stem cell in bone marrow

yolk sac, liver, spleen

where blood cell populations mainly originate from before birth

bone marrow

where blood cell populations mainly originate from after birth

vertebra, sternum, ribs

3 bones blood cell populations mainly come from after 20/age we stop growing

erythroblast

immature red blood cell

biconcave shape

allows for quick, efficient gas diffusion/exchange

prevents cell from using o2 to make atp

why rbc gets rid of mitochondria

makes room for more o2

why rbc gets rid of nucleus

change in shape, decrease in size

2 main things that happen to immature red blood cell before being fully specialized

decreasing tissue oxygen level

red blood cell homeostasis feedback loop stimulus

kidney

RBC homeostasis feedback loop receptor

kidney

RBC homeostasis feedback loop control center

erythropoietin

hormone produced by kidney in response to low O2 levels, stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

red bone marrow

RBC homeostasis feedback loop effector

positive

testosterone feedback response that increases RBC production, more EPO released

intrinsic factor

glycoprotein responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine

Vitamin B12

needed for DNA replication, without it RBC production is drastically decreased and RBC cell size is increased

low intrinsic factors, poor diet

cause of anemia due to lack of Vitamin B12

poor diet, liver damage, blood loss

three factors that cause iron deficient anemia

iron deficiency

anemia type that causes pale, small RBC, lack of hemoglobin