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1842-1910 American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United states and established the psychological school called functionalism
1st American Psychologist
Viewed the mind as a stream which cannot be meaningfully broken down into distinct component
A Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures
Discovered apparent motion / Phi phenomena
One of three founders of Gestalt Psychology; the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference,
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
(American, 1908-1970) Introduced theory of the "hierarchy of needs" (food, shelter, love, esteem, etc.) and its pinnacle, the need for "self-actualization." Self-actualized people are those who understand their individual needs and abilities and who have families, friends, and colleagues that support them and allow them to accomplish things on which they place value. The lowest unmet need on the hierarchy tends to dominate conscious thought.
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
Developed "client-centered" therapy
1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
assimilation -
accommodation -
American psychologist who received the Nobel Prize in 1981 for his pioneering research on brain specialization in split-brain patients
Finds that when the brain was divided each hemisphere continued to have individual and private experiences, sensations, thoughts, and emotions
Broca's area, language production in the left frontal lobe
(1824- 1880) Found that injury to a particular part of the left frontal lobe (now known as Broca's area) resulted in a kind of asphasia in which the person is unable to produce many words or to speak very fluently (p. 43)
-, Expanded upon Broca's findings by discovering that damage to the left, posterior, superior temporal gyrus also caused language deficits (now known as Wernicke's area)
Discovered that patients who had damage to this region produced speech that was fluent but meaningless and had disrupted language comprehension.
-, conducted study on identical twins that found a correlation of 0.69 on IQ, criticized because their similar appearances may have led to their being treated similarly,
Minnesota twin study 1979 (biology) twins that were reared apart had similarities so this must be attributed to their genes
-, 1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold, Founded psychophysics, Demonstrated that mental processes can be measured,
Absolute threshold. Smallest intensity of a stimulus that has to be present for the stimulus to be detected. For example, you waiting for a burner to heat up by placing your hand on the burner. Then you remove your hand when it is just hot enough for you to detect the heat.
1842-1910 American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United states and established the psychological school called functionalism
1st American Psychologist
Viewed the mind as a stream which cannot be meaningfully broken down into distinct component
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference,
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
-, 1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats, Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect.
Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.
Author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning
American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning, Researched classical conditioning; found subjects learn the predictability of an event through trials (cognitive element)
showed that an important feature of a conditioned stimulus is the extent to which it predicts the likelihood of the unconditioned stimulus' appearance, as, for example, in taste aversion
Contingency model: Learning exist that are not explained by operant or classical conditioning
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others;
Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play,
Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective
"Modeling": Attention, Retention, Reproduction, & Motivation
demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a secon
tested recall time by flashing rows of numbers and saw if participants could immediately recall the numbers
-, 1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words
the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well
Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought
1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
(American, 1908-1970) principally known for two works, Motivation and Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being, that introduced his theory of the "hierarchy of needs" (food, shelter, love, esteem, etc.) and its pinnacle, the need for "self-actualization." Self-actualized people are those who understand their individual needs and abilities and who have families, friends, and colleagues that support them and allow them to accomplish things on which they place value. The lowest unmet need on the hierarchy tends to dominate conscious thought.
used direct observation and experimentation to study sexual response cycle (4 stages)
A physician and a psychologist who joined forces to treat sexual difficulties (premature ejaculation, inability to orgasm, etc.). They wrote "Human Sexual Response," in which they wrote the then groundbreaking concepts that male and female sexual responses are physiologically very similar and that women achieve orgasm primarily through clitoral stimulation. They later (1970) published "Human Sexual Inadequacy," revolutionized sex therapy by treating sexual problems not as products of neuroses or personality disorders, but simply as difficulties that could be treated with behavioral therapy
psychologist famous for her pioneering research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s
Pioneered the study of human sexuality under labarotary conditions with william masters, published human sexual response, pivotal role in the field of sex therapy
Wife of William Masters, published research in books "Human Sexual Response" and "Human Sexual Inadequacy"
Controversial Indiana University "sexologist" who documented Americans' changing sexual behavior
1948; published article "sexual behavior in the human male" highlighting the fact that homosexuality is more common than believed
1842-1910 American philosopher and psychologist who founded psychology in the United states and established the psychological school called functionalism
1st American Psychologist
Viewed the mind as a stream which cannot be meaningfully broken down into distinct component
1871-1945; Field: motivation; Contributions: believed that gastric activity as in empty stomach, was the sole basis for hunger; Studies: inserted balloons in stomachs
Coined the term homeostasis, American pyschologist who developed an influential theory of emotion called the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
Came up with the flight-or-fight response; the instinctive physiological response preparing the body, when confronted with a threat to either fight or flee; an evolutionary survival dynamic
-, A very prominent American psychologist who developed an alternative arousal theory with Cannon bard, known as the Cannon-Bard theory . Was also the chairman of the APA during WW2.
Cannon-Bard theory; experience of an event triggers both emotional and physiological response
-, 1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it,
two factor emotion theory - physiological happens first, cognitive appraisal must be made in order to experience emotion.
along with Richard Rahe, designed one of the first instruments to measure stress
social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) measured stress using life-change units (LCUs)
found that the daily hassles a person experiences are more harmful to his or her health than are the significant life changes that occurred
a high score on the life-change event scale is associated with a greater likelihood of a negative health change
studied stress—the body responds in the same way to any stress
General Adaptation Syndrome—a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion).
Authoritative - high in control and warmth; mature demands of and responsiveness to children; allows lots of discussion and considers children's opinions before making final decision; have set rules and guidelines; use rationale and logic when disciplining. Considered the most optimal parenting style
Identified three different types of parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.
-, 1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research
Theorist is credited with the social development theory of learning. He/She suggested that social interaction influences cognitive development. His/Her learning theory suggests that students learn best in a social context in which a more able adult or peer teaches the student something he or she could not learn on his or her own. In other words, teachers must determine what a student can do independently and then provide the student with the opportunities to learn with the support of an adult or a more capable peer.
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference,
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
"Eight Stages of Human Development" Based on crisis or conflict that a person resolves
proposed that people develop a personality in eight psychosocial stages. At each stage we experience a crisis that upon resolving will have an effect on our ability to deal with the next one. 8 stages:
infancy (trust vs. mistrust)
toddlerhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)
preschooler (initiative vs. guilt)
elementary school (industry vs. inferiority)
adolescence (identity vs. role confusion)
young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation)
middle adulthood( generativity vs. stagnation)
late adulthood (integrity vs., despair)
1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
assimilation -
accommodation -
1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior
moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?
built on Piaget's work to study moral development:
preconventional
conventional
post conventional
1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference,
Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).
psychologist associated with the five-factor model of personality, worked with Robert McCrae
Created the "Five Factor Model" (big five) - simplest of all trait theories - 5 factors that encompass all others; Openness - open to fantasies, feelings, aesthetics, ideas, values; Conscientiousness - competent, prefers structure, dutiful, disciplined; Extroversion - assertive, warm, positive, active, seek excitement; Agreeableness - trusts others, honest, cooperative, sympathetic; Neuroticism - anxiety, depression, hostility, self-conscious, act impulsively, experience a sense of vulnerability
1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary, American psychologist and trait theorist who researched the idea that individual personalities are unique,
A psychologist perhaps best-known as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He also developed a trait theory of personality that described three broad categories of personality traits
trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits:
cardinal
central
secondary
1898-1977; Field: personality; Contributions: theory that linked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny)
Concluded that ciriminality was more prominent in boys with muscular builds.
1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others;
Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play,
Famous for the Bobo Doll experiments on observational learning & influence in the Socio-Cognitive Perspective
"Modeling": Attention, Retention, Reproduction, & Motivation
1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence
(American, 1908-1970) principally known for two works, Motivation and Personality and Toward a Psychology of Being, that introduced his theory of the "hierarchy of needs" (food, shelter, love, esteem, etc.) and its pinnacle, the need for "self-actualization." Self-actualized people are those who understand their individual needs and abilities and who have families, friends, and colleagues that support them and allow them to accomplish things on which they place value. The lowest unmet need on the hierarchy tends to dominate conscious thought.
1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person
Developed "client-centered" therapy
-, differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; compared identical & fraternal twins, hereditary differences in intellectual ability
interested in link between heredity and intelligence
founder of the eugenics movement
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