Outcome 1

Musculoskeletal system

Ethical considerations

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* Variety of performance engacing pratices, strategies and methods that athletes need to decide whether or not to use
* Questions that need to be considered
* Will this be dangerous to my health?
* Is this fair?
* Is this legal?
* How will this enhance my performance
* Is there another option I could take?
* Does everyone have access to this?

ASADA

Australian sports anti-doping authority

Physical activity

Any movement of the body produced by skeletal muscles that result in the expenditure of energy

Eg:

* Play
* Recreation or leisure
* Gardening
* Exercise
* Sport

Domains of physical activity

Refer to the areas of a person's life where physical activity can occur. These include:

* Active transport
* Eg: Walking or riding a bike to work
* Recreation/Leisure time
* Eg: Activity that is done for fun
* Domestic
* Eg: Household chores and gardening
* Occupational
* Eg: A paramedic lifting and carrying equipment or a teacher walking around the classroom

FITT

Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type

Frequency

* How often
* How many bouts of physical activity are preformed within the specific time period

Intensity

* How hard


* What is the exertion level the physical activity is being performed at

Time  

* Duration


* How long is the participation in the physical activity completed for within the single exercise bout

Type

* What activity


* What activity is being undertaken during the exercise bout

METS

* Units of measurement that represent the energy used by the body in different states of work


* The harder you work the higher the MET level
* 1-3 = low
* 3-6 = moderate
* 6-10 = vigorous

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Sport

A range of activities that are highly organised and involve rules, complex skills and tactics, physical exertion and competition between participants

Exercise

Physical activity that is planned or structured involving repetitive body movement done to improve or maintain one or more fitness components

Play

Activities engaged for enjoyment and recreation rather than a serious or practical purpose

Games

Activities that one engages in for amusement

Sports

Activities involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team compete against another or others for entertainment

Structured physical activity

This type of physical activity is generally performed within organised programs and tends to increase the quality and intensity of physical activity

Incidental physical activity

* This type of physical activity is generally part of your daily routine


* Physical activity that is built up in small amounts over the day

Physical benefits of physical activity

* Controls body weight


* Reduces risk of CVD
* Reduces risk of T2 Diabetes
* Reduces risk of Colon and Breast cancer
* Strengths muscles and bones
* Improves ability to do daily tasks
* Improves motor skills

Social benefits of physical activity

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* Improves social skills
* Builds social networks
* Enhances self-esteem and confidence
* Encourages links to community
* Improves family connectedness
* Prevent loneliness in life

Mental benefits of physical activity

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* Reduce feelings of depression and anxiety
* Reduce stress
* Improve sleep
* Improves concentration
* Enhance memory

environmental benefits of physical activity

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* Active transport reduces greenhouse emissions from motor vehicles
* Reduces air pollution
* Reduces traffic
* Reduces noise pollution
* The government allocates more money to build green spaces if they are being used

economic benefits of physical activity

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* Increased tourism
* Creation of jobs
* Reduced absenteeism
* Reduced crime
* Saving to the public health system

Enablers

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* Something or some that have a positive effect on a person's physical activity behaviour
* Influence people to participate in physical activities

Barriers

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* Something or someone that has a negative effect on a person’s physical activity and behaviour
* Inhibit people to participate in physical activity

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Examples of enablers and barriers

* Social Enablers and Barriers
* Friends, parents, siblings, peers and teachers and neighbours


* Cultural enablers
* Ethnicity, religion, beliefs and values


* Environmental enablers and barriers
* Climate, location and social features


* Socioeconomic status
* Level of education
* Age and sex
* Cultural values
* Geographic location/environmental factors
* Safety
* Access to facilities
* Time
* Employment status

Geographic/environmental  location factors

* Level of accessibility to facilities that supports their participation in physical activity
* Availability of sporting facilities
* availability of community recreation facilities
* Access to public transport servicing the local area
* Nature of the nearby environment (topograohy, climate, air quality etc)

Social environment factors

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* Participation in physical activity is influenced by the people surrounding an individual
* Eg
* Parents
* Partners
* Children
* Siblings
* Friends
* school/work colleagues
* Carers
* Coaches
* Teachers

Time

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* An individuals lifestyle will afford a certain amount of time to physical activity
* Work commitments
* Family commitments
* Commute time
* Sedentary recreational activities
* Sleep

Age

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* Minutes of physical activity declines as age increases

Gender

Males tend to participate in more physical activity than females

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Cultural background

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* Individuals cultural background and beliefs can shape bahaviours
* Eg:
* Movements may be restricted when adhering to religious clothing requirments
* Prayer time or religious holidays could make finding time for physical activity hard
* Languages other than english may be spoken making instructions from leaders, referees or coaches hard to understand
* Family roles and responsibilities may take precedence over sport and exercise
* May feel more comfortable performing sports and exercises that are familiar to them
* May feel more comfortable interacting with people from a similar background

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Education level

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* Believed that higher levels of education lead individuals to have greater awareness and knowledge about health consequences increasing phyiscal activity

Employment status

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* A persons type of employment and the nature of daily tasks can be either an enabler or a barrier
* Eg: 
* A person in an active job such as a PE teacher is likely to be performing large amounts of physical activity

Superior

Closer to the head

Inferior

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* Closer to the feet

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Anterior/ventral

Towards the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

Towards the back of the body

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

A body part closer to its attachment point than another part

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**Distal**

A body part further away from the point of attachment than another

Left

Towards the left side of the body

Right

Towards the right side of the body

Superficial

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* A body part closer to the surface of the body than another

Deep

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* A body part that is internal or further from the surface of the body than another

Palmar

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* The palm side of the hand

Plantar

The sole side of the foot

Axial skeleton

forms the central axis of the human body

Appendicular skeleton

Involved in locomotion and manipulation of objects in the environment

Functions of the skeletal system

* Body movement
* framework/structure
* mineral storage
* production of blood cells
* protection

Body movement

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* Bones and muscles work together to move the body
* Muscle pulls the bone it is connected to
* Bones provide sites for muscles to attach to
* Bones act as levels working alongside the muscular system allowing movements

Framework/Structural

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* Provides a framework to help with body posture
* Bones provide protection for many vital organs

Mineral storage

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* Bone tissue stores important minerals which are important for health
* These minerals contribute to the health and maintenance of bones

Production of blood cells

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* Bone marrow is where the production of new red blood cells occurs
* Red blood cells contain haemoglobin which is responsible for oxygen delivery in the bloodstream

Protection

Protects vital organs

Eg: rib cage protects the lungs and heart

Compact bone tissue

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* Found in the shaft of the long bone
* Provides strength

Cancellous bone

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* Less dense than compact bone
* Require so it absorbs shock at end of long bones and edges of irregular bones

Long bones

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* Bones are longer than they are wide
* Contain bone marrow within their hollow cavity
* Eg: Humerus

Flat bones

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* Have large, flat surfaces for muscle attachment
* Usually enclose cavities for protecting organs
* Eg: Sternum

Irregular bones

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* Have no regular shape characteristic
* Eg: Vertebrae

Sesamoid bones

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* Small bones developed in tendons around some joints
* Eg: patella

Short bones

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* Cube like shape
* Eg: trapezoid

Cervical

* 7
* responsible for supporting the head

Thoracic

* 12
* Allow a connection between the rib cage and the spinal column
* Assist in protecting the heart and the lungs

Lumbar

* 5
* Largest vertebrae bones 
* Have a high weight carrying capacity

Sacrum

* 5 fused
* Fused to pelvis
* Distributes upper body weight to lower body

Coccyx

* 4 fused
* Provides a site for muscle attachment of the lower body
* Allows a multitude of movements to occur

Sagittal Plane

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* Divides body into left and right sections
* Vertical line through the midline of the body

Transverse plane

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* Divides the body into superior and inferior
* Horizontal line through the midline of the body

Frontal plane

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* Divides the body into anterior and posterior
* Vertical line

Joints

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* The intersection of two or more bones
* Joints are classified by how the bones are joined together and by the movement that each joint permits

Fibrous joints

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* Connected by dense connective tissue
* Also called fixed or immovable joints
* They do not move
* Eg: Skull

Cartilaginous joints

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* Bones are entirely joined by cartilage
* Either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartliage
* Generally allow more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial
* Slightly moveable joints joined by cartilage
* Eg: the vertebrae

Synovial joints

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* Moveable joints 
* Characterised by being surrounded by synovial fluid
* Offer a full range of movement and move freely in at least one direction
* Eg: hip

Gliding joints

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* Occur where flat bones glide past each other
* Usually in a biaxial manner
* Eg: carpals and tarsals

Ball and socket

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* Occurs where a rounded bone head sits in a cup-shaped cavity in a bone
* Movement includes
* Flexion
* Extension
* Adduction
* Abduction
* Internal and external rotation
* Eg: shoulder

Condyloid

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* Biaxial
* Similar to hinge but also allows slight rotation
* Junction of two bones which allow movement and rotation in every direction except axial
* The head of one bone fits into a cavity-like end of the other bone
* Allows for
* Flexion
* Extension
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Circumduction
* Eg: the wrist joint where the hand connects to the arm

Pivot joint

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* Uniaxial joint that only allows rotation
* Rotation of one joint around another
* Occur when the cylinder of one bone fits into a corresponding cavity on the other
* Eg:  the neck at the top of the vertebrae

Hinge joint

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* Uniaxual joint 
* Allows for flexion and extension
* Have articular surfaces that are moulded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane
* Eg: knee and elbow joint

Saddle

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* Occurs where concave and convex bone surfaces align
* Allow side to side movement as well as back and forth movement with small amounts of rotation
* Allows for
* Flexion
* Extension
* Adduction
* Abduction
* Circumduction
* Eg: the base of the thumb

Flexion

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* Movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

Extension

movement that increases the angle between two body parts

Abduction

Movement away from the midline

Adduction

movement towards the midline

Dorsiflexion

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* Flexion at the ankle so that the foot points more superiorly (up)

**Plantar flexion**

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* Extension at the anle so that the foot points inferiorly (down)

Supination

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* Turning palm up whilst keeping shoulder and elbow still
* Also applies to body
* When lying flat on the back the body is supine

Pronation

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* Turning palm down whilst keeping shoulder and elbow still
* Also applies to body
* When lying flat on front the body is prone

Inversion

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* Movements that tilt the sole of the foot towards the midline of the body
* The sole towards the median plane

Eversion

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* Movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from the midline of the body
* Sole of the food away from the median plane

Rotation

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* Movement around an axis
* Eg:  holding your arm down palm facing out, rotating your arm to where your palm is facing behind you is rotation. 

Circumduction

Movement described as circular that uses adduction, abduction, flexion and extension

Skeletal muscles

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* External muscles that are attached to the bones that make up the skeleton
* Are voluntary muscles as you can control them
* Attaches to skeletal system and allow body movement
* Messages from the central nervous system allow this control

Smooth muscles

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* Found in blood vessels and walls of the intestines
* Are involuntary muscles because you can't control them
* Smooth muscles are made up of spindle cells
* Involuntary muscles
* Contract rhythmically, slowly and for sustained periods of time

Cardiac muscles

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* Works to keep the heart pumping through involuntary movements
* Does this through specialised cells called pacemaker cells, these control the contractions of your heart
* Involuntary

Functions of the muscular system

* Body movement
* Allow for the various body movements we desire
* Adequate posture
* Postural muscles help our body to maintain an upright posture when awake
* Essential Bodily Functions
* Involuntary muscles are essential for a variety of bodily functions needed for survival


* Provides the body with support
* Produces heat so muscle contractions can occur
* Can contract involuntarily when its cold to release heat and maintain a stable core temp

muscle belly

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* The main body of the muscle itself is known as the muscle belly

Tendons

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* A tough band of fibrous connective tissue
* Connects muscle to bone
* Generally situated at the end of the muscle belly

Ligaments

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* A fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones
* Provides strength around a joint

Origin

The site where a muscle is attached to a stable bone which the muscle can pull against