lecture exam #2 1302

lecture #5 - america chooses empire

imperialist expansion

extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means ; new era of expanding in 1870 - 1914

nationalism

strong sense of pride and loyalty to one's own nation

old republic

commercial trade with all nationals and avoiding involvement in " entangled alliances " ( george washington ) and " national mission " was manifest destiny

social darwinism

one of the ideas driving imperialism , by charles darwin , "survival of the fittest

new republic

wanted to maintain a peacetime army , more naval power , and interventionalist policy

captain alfred thayer mahan !

early advocate for national expansion ; his book the influence of sea power upon history , 1660 - 1783 , wanted navy to expand to result in an american empire

naval power

strength and capability of a country's navy, including its ships, personnel, seaports, and bases ;

alaska !

purchased from russia in 1867 ( for less than two cents an acre ), initially seen as a remote and valueless territory ; the discovery of gold and oil in late 19th century changed perceptions and made the purchase economically beneficial , became an official state in jan 3 1959

hawaii !

planters overthrow the queen liliuokalani in 1893 , eventually led to president william mckinley to annex the islands in 1898 , and build a naval station in pago pago ; became an official state in aug 21 1959

annexation

act of incorporating a territory or region into a country

spanish-american war !

1898 ten-weeks war fought in the caribbean and the pacific , resulted in us victory ; marked the emergence of the us as an imperial power

battleship maine !

used as a warning to the spanish but sunk off the havana harbor ; us blamed the spanish and used it as an excuse to declare war on spain , killed 266 / 355 sailors ( boiler room ? )

yellow press !

newspapers that relied on sensationalism and scandal-oriented stories to attract readers ; owned by william randolph hearst , came from ' yellow kid '

theodore roosevelt !

assistant secretary of the navy , ordered commodore george dewey to prepare for war in philippines , went to war to redeem his father's actions

the rough riders !

the most colorful military unit in american history ; first us volunteer calvary, a mixure of ivy league athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight ; enlisted by theodore roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of cuba

platt amendment !

cuba's agreement with the us to not make any treaties with others ; made cuba a protectorate of the us and allowed the us to lease guantanamo bay as a naval base

walter reed !

us army doctor ; discovery of the mosquito as the source of yellow fever led to a breakthrough in biomedicine

panama canal !

a large artificial waterway in panama that connects the pacific and atlantic oceans, facilitating international trade and military movements in a faster way ; 42 mile & $66 million canal opened in aug 1914 , lead to panama's independence

open door policy !

1899 ~ policy that advocated equal access to ahinese markets for all nations , preventing any single power from having total control over china's economy and territory

boxer rebellion !

1899 - 1901 ~ an anti-imperialist uprising in china led by a group called the righteous and harmonious fists resulted in war , contributed to the decline of the chinese imperial system and set precedents for the us in terms of alliances and presidential war powers

' boxers '

performed physical exercises which they believed would make them able to withstand bullets

american anti-imperialist league !

organization formed in 1898 to oppose us intervention in cuba and the philippines and to prevent imperialist ambitions ( don't want expanding ) ; emphasized john quincy adams' warning against seeking dominion and power abroad

the roosevelt corollary !

asserting the us' role in policing latin america and the caribbean to ensure stability ; keep european powers out

banana wars !

1898 - 1934 ~ a series of us military interventions and occupations in various central american and caribbean countries

liberal internationalism !

a foreign policy ideology advocating the spread of democracy ( majority rule ) worldwide , diplomacy , multilateral cooperation , and the role of international organizations

social gospel !

a religious and social movement influenced by darwinism , emphasizing the perfectibility of mankind , the role of the state in achieving social morality and world peace , and "redemptive wars" for these purposes

the fundamentals !

1910 - 1915 ~ 90 essays published to defend orthodox protestant beliefs in the face of social gospel theology

lecture #6 - progressive era

fourth party system !

1896 - 1932 ~ panic of 1893 , rise of populists , spanish-american war , and shift in imperial foreign policy // marked by significant shifts and issues, including government regulation of big business, banking reforms, federal income tax, women's suffrage, prohibition, and immigration control

third party system

1856 - 1892 ~focused on the civil war , reconstruction , and money issue

when did the fourth party era begin ?

with william mckinley's presidency it initiated expansionist and interventionist foreign policies, including the annexation of hawaii and involvement in the spanish-american war , but after the assisination , roosevelt took over

effects of roosevelt

a significant role in promoting interventionism as the assistant secretary of the navy , commander of the rough riders , and president of the united states 1901 - 1909

progressivism !

a broad reform movement that emerged in the early 20th century , aiming to address various societal issues and improve the american system through government intervention and efficiency

what did progressives believe ?

influenced by modernist ideas , believed that mankind's was progressing towards a " higher civilization " ; ' evolutionism '

populists vs progressives

populists : old , democrat , rural , traditional , returned to old ways ; progressives : new , republican , urban , modernist , looked to create new systems

herbert croly !

chief promoters of progressivism ; extremely influential book ' the promise of american life ' but only sold 7,500 copies ; united two factors the imperialist and paternalistic faction led by roosevelt and the democratic and intellectual faction led by wilson

the progressive era !

1900 - 1920 ~ during which the us witnessed the presidency of three progressive leaders : theodore roosevelt, william howard taft, and woodrow wilson

modernism !

a cultural and intellectual movement influenced by scientific and technological changes of the second industrial revolution , as well as new philosophical ideas from figures like charles darwin, karl marx, and sigmund freud ; it embraced change, experimentation, and the rejection of traditional moral codes

the square deal !

theodore roosevelt's domestic reform agenda, which focused on conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection

the regulatory state !

a system of government regulation aimed at managing the economy and addressing social conflicts by increasing government control and empowering experts

muckrakers !

writers and reporters who exposed social issues and corruption through exposés in books , magazines , and newspapers ; including housing conditions , trusts , child labor , and the food and drug industries

upton sinclair !

progressive muckraker ; wrote ' the jungle ' one of the most famous novels exposing the unsanitary meatpacking industry and led to regulatory reforms

the bullmoose party !

progressive party formed by theodore roosevelt in 1912 after failing to secure the republican nomination for the presidency

woodrow wilson !

progressive democrat who won the 1912 presidential election and introduced domestic reforms under his program " the new freedom "

election of 1912

turning point in american history ; woodrow wilson won with 41% , theodore roosevelt with 27% , william taft with 23% , and eugene debs with 6%

the new freedom !

woodrow wilson's domestic program that aimed to use government power to help americans achieve " positive fulfillment " through tariff reduction , business reform , and banking reform

wobblies !

members of the industrial workers of the world , a radical labor organization founded in 1905 with a philosophy and tactics centered around revolutionary violence

booker t washington !

an african american educator and author who advocated for civil rights , emphasizing vocational education and economic advancement for african americans ; accepted segregation in atlanta compromise in exchange

w e b dubois !

an african american sociologist, writer, and activist who opposed booker t washington's approach and advocated for civil rights through education and the development of a black elite " talented tenth "

national association for the advancement of colored people !

organization co-founded by w e b dubois in 1909 that aimed to advance civil rights and equality for african americans through legal and political

henry ford !

an american industrialist and inventor who revolutionized the automobile industry by designing and manufacturing the affordable model t automobile in 1908

model t !

" tin lizzie " in 1908 first mass-produced and affordable automobile designed by henry ford

wright brothers !

orville and wilbur wright, who developed the first motor-powered , controlled , heavier-than-air airplane and achieved the first powered flight in 1903 lasted 12 minutes

spindletop !

oil well located south of beaumont , texas , where a significant oil discovery in 1901 marked the birth of the modern petroleum industry

lecture #7 - messianic impulse

progressive amendments !

16th , 17th , 18th , 19th amendments aimed to reform various aspects of american society

16th amendment

ratified in feb 1913 ; the federal government the power to tax the income of citizens, providing a stable income source for the federal government

17th amendment

ratified in apr 1913 ; abolished the state legislatures appointing senators and instead allowed for the popular election of senators , shifted power

18th amendment

ratified in 1919 ; banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of intoxicating beverages

19th amendment

a product of the women's suffrage movement , granted american women the right to vote

the revolution of 1913 !

changes occurred in the us in 1913 like the 16th and 17th amendment and the federal reserve act

federal reserve act !

legislation passed in dec 1913 that established the federal reserve system , a central banking system responsible for managing the country's credit and money supply moving from nyc to washington dc

j p morgan !

a prominent american banker and financier who played a crucial role in stabilizing the us financial system during economic crises in the early 20th century

social purity !

a reform movement aimed at promoting moral and ethical standards in society , like alcohol consumption and prostitution ; many progressives part of

red light district

a specific area within an urban area where there is a concentration of businesses , such as brothels and saloons, associated with the sex trade and adult entertainment

women's suffrage !

political movement advocating for women's right to vote in elections and participate in the democratic process on an equal basis with men

the mexican revolution !

1910 - 1920 ~ a major armed struggle that took place between in Mexico ; it was characterized by various revolutionary movements and political upheaval, leading to significant social and political changes in the country ( diaz , madero , huerta , villa , carranza )

banana wars

wilson's policy led to us interventions in latin america

plan of san diego !

rebellion against the united states to capture several southwestern states and create an independent republic

punative mexican expedition !

us military intervention in mexico led by general john j pershing in 1916 ; ordered by president woodrow wilson in response to attacks on us soil by mexican revolutionary pancho villa.

world war I !

1914 - 1918 ~ " the great war " a global conflict that involved major european powers and later included the united states ; the war was characterized by widespread use of new military technologies and big impact on history

triple entente ( allies )

france russia and great britain

central alliance

germany austria-hungary and italy

what did world war I mark ?

the first industrial war , with the widespread use of machine guns, airplanes , tanks , and chemical agents ; second industrial revolution

hyphenated americans

transnationals who retained strong ties to their native countries

what are the strategies used in war ?

british -> germany : used navy to block the coast to starve germans ; germans -> british : submarine warfare using u boats sinking the lusitania

u-boats !

unterseeboot / undersea boat , german submarines used for naval warfare and blockades

lusitania !

british passenger liner that was famously torpedoed and sunk by a german u-boat in may 1915 during world war I

preparedness movement !

a movement in the us in 1915 ; its advocates believed that the country should prepare its military and resources for potential involvement in world war I , as they anticipated the need to enter the conflict

" he kept us out of war " !

a slogan associated with president woodrow wilson's re-election campaign in 1916 ; used to emphasize his efforts to avoid involvement in wwI

lecture #8 - world war I

russian revolution !

1917 - 1923 ~ series of events in russia that led to the overthrow of the romanov dynasty and the establishment of the soviet union

engineer consent !

a term coined by edward bernays , referring to the manipulation of public opinion and the use of propaganda to shape people's beliefs or decisions

the zimmermann telegram !

a coded message intercepted by british intelligence in 1917 , sent by german arthur zimmermann to mexico , proposing a military alliance against the united states during world war I

make the world safe for democracy !

phrase used by president woodrow wilson to justify america's entry into world war I , emphasizing the idea that the war was a mission to protect and promote democracy around the world

mobilization policy !

wilson's strategy for preparing the united states for world war I , including aspects related to propaganda , financing , controlling dissent , and intervention

committee on public information !

government agency created during world war I to promote pro-war propaganda and gain public support for the war effort

war industries board !

federal agency established during world war I to coordinate the production of war materials , allocate resources , and encourage mass production techniques

espionage act !

1917 law that granted the us government the power to censor anti-war literature and take legal action against individuals who interfered with military operations or promoted insubordination in the armed forces

sedition act !

1918 law that extended the government's authority to suppress anti-war activities and allowed for the arrest and imprisonment of individuals or groups considered a threat to the us

selective service act !

legislation passed in may 1917 that established a draft system for selecting and enlisting men into military service during world war I

american expeditionary force !

14,000-strong american military force that arrived in france in august 1917 to participate in world war I

general john j pershing !

commander of the american expeditionary force during wwI ; known for military campaigns

doughboys !

informal term used to refer to american soldiers during world war I

german spring offensive of 1918 !

major german military offensive launched in mar 1918 on the western front during wwI

meuse-argonne offensive !

significant american-led offensive during wwI , lasting for 40 days and involving 1.2 million us troops

sargent alvin york !

soldier of the 82nd division in wwI , known for his remarkable actions, including the destruction of enemy machine gun positions and capturing enemy soldiers during the meuse-argonne

armistice !

temporary suspension of fighting or a ceasefire , usually preceding negotiations for an end to a conflict

14 points !

a proposal made by woodrow wilson in jan 1918 , outlining his vision for peace after wwI ; aimed to address the causes of the war and promote a new world order