Cardiovascular System

Hematocrit

the ratio of the volume of red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma to the total volume of blood

erythrocytes

red blood cells

Leukocytes

white blood cells

hematophobia

fear of blood

Thrombocytes

platelets

platelet function

blood clotting

Hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

erythrocyte function

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin combined with oxygen; bright red blood

deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin without oxygen; dark red blood

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Eosinophils

A type of white blood cell that attacks parasites and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Basophils

A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine.

Monocytes

First line of defense at wound site, a macrophage (to engulf;eat)

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

albumins, globulins, fibrinogen

plasma proteins

Fibrinogin and fibrin

Function in blood clotting

Events of Hemostasis

1. vascular spasm

thrombin

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

thrombus

stationary blood clot

systemic circulation

circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Mediastinum

area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, vena cava, esophagus, and trachea

Pericardium

The connective tissue that covers the surface of the heart; offers protection

visceral pericardium

covers the heart

parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity

epicardium

outer layer of the heart

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

endocardium

inner lining of the heart

atrium

A heart chamber that receives blood.

Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, and they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

papillary muscles

responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves closed by means of the chordae tendineae

septal defects

small holes in the wall between the atria or the ventricles

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

Deliver oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Aorta

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to be distributed through the body.

Systole

Contraction of the heart

Diastole

Relaxation of the heart

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of arteries during systole and diastole

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

Bradycardia

slow heart rate

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

SA node

The pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium.

AV node

relays electrical impulses from atria into ventricles

Bundle of His

a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

medulla oblongata

controls heart rate

Arteries

carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

arteriole

small artery

venule

small vein

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which gas (O2/CO2), nutrient, and waste exchange take place between the blood and cells of the body

SADS

sudden arrhythmia death syndrome

defibrillator

a device that delivers an electric shock to the heart to restore its normal rhythm

CPR

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

MVP (mitral valve prolapse)

improper closure of the mitral valve

heart murmur

an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

mitral regurgitation

Reflux of blood from left ventricle into left atrium during systole

myocardial infarction

heart attack

aneurism

Abnormal ballooning of the wall of an artery.

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

stenosis

narrowing of the arteries

Hypertension

high blood pressure

ventricular septal defect

large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation

Red Blood Cells

Erythrocytes

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein on red blood cells that binds oxygen.

white blood cells

leukocytes

function of white blood cells

fight infections

Macrophages

Destroy worn out erythrocytes

Platelets

Cells the bind together when they recognize damaged blood vessels, help control bleeding

Coagulation

blood clot formation

A blood type

A antigens, B antibodies

B blood type

B antigens, A antibodies

AB blood type

A and B antigens and no antibodies (universal recipient)

O blood type

No antigens and both A & B antibodies (universal donor)

bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

aortic valve

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

pulmonary valve

valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

artery

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

Capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

blood pressure (BP)

measurement of pressure exerted by blood against walls of blood vessel

Arterioles

the smallest arteries that connect with the capillaries

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

inferior vena cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

Aorta

Largest artery in the body

Pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

Plasma

Liquid part of blood

plasma electrolytes

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate

Purkinje fibers

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles, causing them to contract

sinoatrial (SA) node

pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) node

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium