KIN 375 Exam 1

Exercise physiology

the study of the acute and chronic exercise effects on the functions of the body as it pertains to health and performance

A.V. Hill

Heat production during muscle contraction and recovery

August Krogh

Function of capillary blood flow in skeletal muscle

Otto F. Meyerhof

Metabolism, Glycolysis, Lactate

D.B. Dill

Director of Harvard Fatigue Lab

Harvard Fatigue Lab

Research in this lab formed the foundation for many studies used today, an important development of exercise physiology in the US

Dr. Dudley Sargent

Harvard 1879, set up training programs in Cambridge for individualized exercise prescriptions, now part of Boston University since 1929

Civil War - WWI and WWII

Many draftees failed the induction exam due to low body weight and/or low fitness levels (too weak to fight)

21st Century Military

Low levels of physical fitness and obesity a major cause for rejecting recruits (too fat to fight)

Korean War Physical Fitness

Autopsies of soldiers in the Korean War showed coronary artery disease developed at an early age

physical inactivity recognized as a major health factor in the early 1980s

Physical activity shown to be beneficial: decreased risk of getting diabetes, but high BP

Physical activity helps

achieve and maintain a healthy body weight

Surgeon General's Report (1996)

Inactivity is killing adults - 60% not getting enough proper activity, 25% sedentary

PE to Exercise Science

Ex Phys, fitness assessment, exercise testing prescription, individualized fitness programs for adults: HOPE, Dr. Brady

Undergrad + Grad Growth in Ex Phys

Current research in exercise physiology uses an integrated approach for research questions

Proteins - proteomics

How proteins are made, modified, used, etc.

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

One professional organization that represents the discipline of exercise science - united physicians, physical educators, and physiologists

National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA)

Educational aspect and certification in resistance and conditioning

Requirements for careers for exercise science and kinesiology

Science based course work, internship, ACSM, NATA, NSCA

Graphs have a \_________ and a \_______________.

Shape and direction

Homeostasis

the process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment at resting conditions

Steady state

A state in which the internal environment is constant and unchanging but not at a homeostatic level

Intracellular control systems

protein breakdown and synthesis, energy production, maintenance of stored nutrients

Stored nutrients

lipids: triglycerides and carbs: glycogen

Components of a biological control system

1. stimulus

2. sensor or receptor

3. control center

4. effector

Sensor

detects a change in the internal environment

control center

processes the signal and sends instructions to the effector

Effector

changes the internal environment back to normal via negative feedback

negative feedback

response to reverse initial stimulus to change back to a normal level of homeostasis

most control systems of the body operate via

negative feedback

positive feedback

response to increase the original stimulus

Calcium positive feedback (feed forward)

increases muscle contraction

Inflammation can have \___________ \____________ mechanisms

feed forward

adaptation

the change in structure or function of the cell results in the improved ability to maintain homeostasis in stressful situations

Cell signaling

communication between or within cells using chemical signals

Intracrine signaling

chemical messenger inside the cell triggers the response

juxtacrine signaling

chemical messenger passed between two connected cells

autocrine signaling

chemical messenger acts on that same cell (itself)

paracrine signaling

chemical messenger acts on nearby cells

endocrine signaling

chemical messengers (hormones) released into the blood

stress proteins

cells synthesize stress protective proteins (ex heat shock proteins) when stressed

heat shock proteins (hsp)

protect and repair damaged proteins in cells

metabolism

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

anabolic reactions

synthesis of molecules

catabolic reactions

breakdown of molecules

bioenergetics

the process of converting foodstuffs (carbs, fats, and proteins) into usable energy for the cell to work

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis of proteins

nucleus

dna, genes

cytoplasm

fluid, sugars, ions

endergonic reactions

reactions that absorb energy

exergonic reactions

reactions that release energy

coupled reactions

the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction

oxidation

removing an electron from an atom or molecule (coupled reaction)

reduction

adding an electron to an atom or molecule (couple reaction)

enzymes

catalysts for cellular reactions and regulate the speed of a chemical reaction

factors that regulate enzyme activity

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, product inhibition, and cofactors (cAMP, AMP, calcium, etc.)

enzymes and temperature

a small increase in temp increases enzyme activity

enzymes and pH

decrease in pH decreases enzyme activity

substrates

a molecule on which an enzyme acts

enzyme product

inhibits reaction rate

enzyme cofactors

increase or decrease the reaction

kinase

adds a phosphate group

phosphatase

removes a phosphate group

dehydrogenase

removes a hydrogen ion

glycolysis

(anaerobic) the breakdown of glucose or glycogen to form lactate

where is glucose in the body

the blood

glycogen

storage form of glucose in the cells

how is glycogen formed?

by the enzyme glycogen synthase

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen to glucose by phosphorylase

fatty acids (FA)

form with glycerol to for triglycerides (even number of carbons)

triglycerides

storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue

lipolysis

breakdown of lipids

protein

not a primary energy source, cellular proteins can be broken down into amino acids for energy

gluconeogenesis

the creation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, universal energy source for the body

phosphocreatine

found in muscle tissue; helps resynthesize ADP into ATP immediately

creatine kinase

enzyme in anaerobic ATP production

products of glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH

krebs cycle

a form of aerobic ATP production; oxidation of acetyl CoA using NAD^+ and FAD

products of one turn of the krebs cycle

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP \= ATP

how much ATP is 1 nadh

2.5 ATP

how much ATP is 1 fadh2

1.5 ATP

what must be done to NADH to keep glycolysis going?

it must be turned back into NAD+

how do cells make ATP anaerobically?

ATP-PC system

adenylate kinase

anaerobic glycogenolysis

anaerobic glycolysis

how do cells make ATP aerobically?

krebs cycle

electron transport chain

oxidative phosporylation

cells can use more than one \______ and shift use of \_______

substance; substrate

oxidative phosporylation

ATP formation in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria using ETC and krebs cycle

beta oxidation

break down of fatty acids into acetyl CoA

one turn of beta oxidation

1 NADH and 1 FADH2

what is the primary role of the krebs cycle?

complete the oxidation of substrates and form NADHs and FADHs to enter the ETC

what is the final acceptor of electrons for aerobic metabolism?

oxygen