Kaufmann BIo 80

Characteristics shared by all living things

Exchanges gases with the environment

Uptakes and transforms energy

Ability to repair and maintain oneself

Ability to respond to stimuli

Ability to replicate oneself

Ability to adapt to changing conditions

1st Law of thermodynamics (Conservation of energy)

The total amount of energy in the universe is constant (until further notice).

You can not make new energy, and you really can not destroy energy, but you can transform it from one form to the next.

2nd Law of thermodynamics (Entropy)

But when you do transform it from one form to the next, some portion of that energy becomes less useful in the future.

The more orderly (low entropy) energy is in, the more useful it is to do work.

The less orderly (high entropy) energy is in, the less useful it is to do work.

things become more entropic (disorganized) over time...

Unless, energy is being spent to maintain order

Domains

Bacteria, Eukarya, and Archaea

Bacteria

No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles (Prokaryotes)

Unicellular

A cell wall with unique chemistry (compared to other cells)

Diverse modes of nutrition

Rotating flagellum

Simple chromosome (ring) + plasmids

Very small

Some photosynthesize (Cyanobacteria)

Phylogeny

The evolutionary history of a species or group of species

Systematics

A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

Taxonomy

How organisms are named and classified

Binomial Nomenclature

When biologists refer to organisms by Latin scientific names Ex. Pantherus pardus

Archaea

Share some features with bacteria (small, unicellular, prokaryotic)

Extremophiles (temperature, acidity, salinity)

ancient organism; arch \= ancient

Binomial

Two part format of the scientific name Genus + Epithet

Carolus Linnaeaus

Made the Linnaean System a taxonomic system

Eukarya

They are comprised of cells with a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular

They consist of 4 great assemblies of species:

Protists (the ancestors of the remaining 3)

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Protists

A messy collection of organisms that are eukaryotic, but are not animals, plants, or fungi.

Difficult to categorize morphologically, metabolically, or genetically.

Some photosynthesize (autotrophic) others eat (heterotrophic), and still others can do both (mixotrophic).

Some unicellular (example being an amoeba), whiles others can be huge (like seaweed)

Taxon

The named taxa name unit at any level of Hierarchy/ Ex. Panthera is a taxon on the Genus level

Plants

All multicellular eukaryotes

Photosynthesis (Autotrophs

Chlorophyll

Largest living organisms

Disperse by seeds, spores, and via cloning

Half of the oxygen produced on Earth

Fungi

they are multicellular (yeast being the exception)

Absorptive heterotrophs

Cellularly very simple (the hyphal cell)

Feed primarily on dead organic material

Spread by spores

Phylogenetic tree

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram.

Animals

All multicellular.

Ingestive heterotrophs

Tremendous capability for active movement

Most physiologically complex of all living things

Organs and organ systems

Autotrophs

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Mixotrophs

A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. Auto and heterotrophic

Cladistic tree method

Grouping by clades; a group of species viewed together along with their shared ancestor

Phenetic Method

Grouping by gross similarities

Anagenesis

one species gradually transforming into another (No remnant Ancestor)

Heterotroph

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Cladogenesis

The budding of one or more species from a parent species (Ancestral forms can still exist)

Apomorphies (Derived)

Derived, more complex state of a character

Prokaryote

single celled organism without nucleus; karyo \= something to do with a nucleus, pro \= before

Pleisomorphies (Primitive)

Ancestral state of a character

Synapomorphies

Shared derived character states among species

Eukaryote

organism with nucleus; eu \= true, kary \= nucleus

Law of superposition

recent fossil is at top, ancient is at bottom

Sister Taxa

groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other group

Basal taxon

Outgroup; A lineage that diverges from all other members of its group early in the history of the group

Homology

Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry, common ancestor

Analogy

Similarity between organisms due to convergent evolution; similar env. pressures produce similar adaptations for survival EX. CEPHALOPOD AND VERTABRAE ORGANISMS EYES.

Cladistics

Methods for inferring phylogeny from homologous characters

Clades

Groups which include ancestral species and all of its descendants

Monophyletic

Consists of an Ancestral species and all of its descendants. (CLADE)

Paraphyletic

consists of an ancestral species and some, but fails to include all descendants of a common ancestor

Polyphyletic

Consists of distantly related species but doesnt even include the most recent common ancestor

Shared Ancestral Character

A character that originated in an ancestor of a taxon.

Shared derived character

an evolutionary character unique to only a clade.

Outgroup

Species or group of species that is closely related to but not part of a group or species

Ingroup

Species or group of species.

Maximum parsimmony

People should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts

Node

Part where branch splits on a cladogram. Branch split represents most recent common ancestor.

Relative dating

Super position; comparing which one is older based on order

Fossil record

Comparing ancestral fossils to modern life forms in the context of evolution.

Radiometric dating (Absolute)

Dating using half life of radioactive decay percentages to tell time

Molecular clock

Based on the view that there is a constancy in the rate of mutation (base pair substitutions)

D \= 2rt

Homoplasy (Analogy)

a similar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species

Environment

organisms as well as physical aspects of an organisms surroundings

Evolution

descent with modification; proposed by darwin

Aristotle

Viewed species as fixed, unchanging

Georges Cuvier

speculated that each strata represented a sudden catostrophic event

James Hutton

proposed that earths geological features can be explained by gradual mechanisms