MT Chp 6 Lymphatic and Immune Systems

anti-

against

carcin/o

cancerous

immun/o

immune, protection, safe

lymph/o

lymph, lymphatic tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node or gland

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

neo-, ne/o

new, strange

-oma

tumor, neoplasm

onc/o

tumor

phag/o

eat, swallow

-plasm

formative material of cells

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

splen/o

spleen

tox/o

poison, poisonous

-tic

pertaining to

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

most advanced and fatal stage of HIV infection

allergen

a substance that produces an allergic reaction

anaphylaxis

(systemic reaction or anaphylactic shock) severe response to allergen; symptoms develop quickly and without medical aid, patient can die within a few minutes

antibiotics

medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms

antibody

disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

antifungal

agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi

antigen

any substance that the body regards as foreign

antigen-antibody reaction

(immune reaction) involves binding antigens to antibodies; labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system

autoimmune disorder

any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking health cells, tissues, or organs for antigens

bacilli

rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria

bacteria

one-celled microscopic organisms

benign

not life threatening

candidiasis

(yeast infection) occur on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas such as the vagina or mouth and are caused by the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans

carcinoma

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

carcinoma in situ

malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded surrounding tissue

complement system

group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form; when needed, they complement the ability of antibodies to dissolve pathogenic substances

cytokines

group of proteins, such as interferons and interleukins, released primarily by the T cells

cytomegalovirus

found in most body fluids; often present in silent infection

cytotoxic drug

medication that kills or damages cells

ductal carcinoma in situ

breast cancer at earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the milk duct

hemolytic

destroy worn-out erythrocytes

herpes zoster

(shingles) acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve; inflammation occurs when dormant varicella (chickenpox) virus is reactivated later in life

Hodgkin's lymphoma

cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections

immunoglobulins

bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response

immunoglobulin G (IgG)

- most abundant class of antibodies found in blood serum and lymph

- fight against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles

immunoglobulin A (IgA)

- class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens

- found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears

- prevent attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial surfaces that line most organs

immunoglobulin M (IgM)

- class of antibodies found in circulating body fluid

- first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen

immunoglobulin D (IgD)

- class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells

- important for B cell activation

immunoglobulin E (IgE)

- class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes

- responsible for allergic reactions

immunosuppressant

substance that prevents or reduces the body's normal immune response

immunotherapy

(biological therapy) disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response

infectious mononucleosis

(mono) causes by Epstein-Barr virus; characterized by fever, sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

infiltrating ductal carcinoma

starts in milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct (most common form of breast cancer)

interferons

produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses or tumor cells; activate the immune system, fight viruses by slowing or stopping their multiplication, and signal other cells to increase their defenses

lymphadenopathy

any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes

lymphangioma

benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels due to congenital malformation of the lymphatic system

lymphedema

swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

lymphocytes

(lymphoid cells) leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells

lymphoma

malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues

lymphoscintigraphy

diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels

macrophage

type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells

malaria

caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito; symptoms such as fever, chills, headaches, shaking, muscle aches, and fatigue develop 1-4 weeks after

malignant

becoming progressively worse and life threatening

mammography

radiographic examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells

metastasis

describes the process by which cancer is spread to a new site; term can also describe the tumor itself

metastasize

spread from one place to another

myoma

benign tumor made up of muscle tissue

myosarcoma

malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

all lymphomas other than Hodgkin's lymphoma

opportunistic infection

caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans

osteosarcoma

hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of long bones, pelvis, or knee

parasite

plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of the organism

rabies

acute viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite or saliva of an infected animal; without treatment, is fatal

rickettsia

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites

rubella

(German measles or three-day measles) viral infection characterized by low grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and pink rash

sarcoma

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard, soft, and liquid connective tissue

spirochetes

long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement

splenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of spleen

staphylococci

group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes

streptococci

bacteria that form a chain

systemic reaction

(anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock) severe response to an allergen

teletherapy

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body

toxoplasmosis

parasite that is most commonly transmitted from pets to humans by contact with contaminated animal feces

varicella

(chickenpox) caused by herpes virus Varicella zoster and highly contagious; fever and rash of itchy, fluid fulled blisters that burst and form crusts

lacteals

specialized structures of lymphatic system that absorb fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream

interstitial fluid

plasma from arterial blood that flows out of the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues; delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones and brings out waste products and protein molecules when leaving

lymph

- remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid

- clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins

- collects protein molecules and removes dead cells and pathogens

lymphatic circulatory system

- depend on muscles for pumping motion

- flows only upward until it reaches base of neck

lymphatic capillaries

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness

lymphatic vessels

located deeper within the tissues and prevent backflow of lymph

right lymphatic duct

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm and empties into right subclavian vein

thoracic duct

largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both leg and empties into left subclavian vein

lymph node

contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens

cervical lymph nodes

located along the sides of the neck

axillary lymph nodes

located under the arms in the area known as the armpits