Bio Final

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane through the lipid bilayer

Hypertonic

Having greater concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell shrinks.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell Expands. Good for plants

Isotonic

Having an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Ideal (perfect) conditions. Cell remains normal. Good for animal

Vacuole

Storage vesicle for water, food, wastes other substances. 1 large vacuole in plants, many small vacuoles in animals.

Nucleus

Controls all cell activities and protein production.

Contains the DNA and nucleolus.

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

Cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur. Supports & protects the organelles. Allows for movement of materials in the cell.

Mitochondria

Converts glucose into ATP (energy a cell can use) in the process of cellular respiration.

Cell/Plasma/Lipid Membrane

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

Helps give shape and structure to the cell and maintains homeostasis.

A double-layered lipid membrane that surrounds the cell.

Cell Wall

Provides support and protection for the cell.

Rigid external layer of a plant cell (cellulose), bacteria (glycoproteins), or fungi (chitin) that is outside the cell membrane.

Chloroplast

Converts light energy into glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll giving plants their green color.

Endoplasmic Reticulum- Smooth\=dots makes lipids, Rough\=no dots makes proteins

Passageways where compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported.

Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex

Collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids made by the E.R.

Prokaryote

Unicellular. Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has DNA & ribosomes. Have cell wall and pili

Kingdoms: Archaea, Bacteria

Eukaryote

Unicellular or multicellular. Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has DNA & ribosomes. Has nucleolus that makes ribosomes in the nucleus.

Kingdoms: Fungi, Plants, Animals, Protists

Diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Equilibrium / Homeostasis

A state of balance in which there is little or no total change.

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown food and wastes. Involved in apoptosis.

Nucleolus

Synthesizes ribosomes. Found in the nucleus.

Vesicle

Small package of nutrients, proteins, wastes, or water created by the golgi.

Cell

The basic unit of all living things. The smallest unit of life.

Organism

A complete living thing

Ribosome

Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm.

Tissue

A collection of similar cells that perform a specific job.

Light Microscope

Basic microscope that uses light and mirrors to magnify small objects.

Specialization

Cells that do only one special job.

Cell Division

Cell splitting into two new cells.

Multicellular

Made of more than one cell.

Nuclear membrane/envelope

Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus. Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death/suicide (by lysozomes) when a cell can't repaired, has died, or may cause problems like cancer.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes lipids for use in the cell membrane and other parts of the cell. Transports materials around the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains most of the cells ribosomes which synthesize proteins. Transports materials around the cell.

Synthesize

To make

Organelle

"Little organs" that make up the cell working together for the survival and function of the cell.

Lack(s)

Missing, does not have.

Unicellular

Made of 1 cell.

Electron Microscope

Uses accelerated electrons to illuminate (light up) very small objects.

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Inventor of the first microscopes. 1600's.

Robert Hooke

Gave cells their name (cells). 1600's.

Robert Brown

Discovered the importance of the cell nucleus. 1800's.

Matthias Schleiden

Botatnist (studied plants) who said all plants are made of cells.. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schwann. 1800's.

Theodore Schwann.

Physiologist (studied animal cells) who said all animals are made of cells. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schleiden. 1800's.

Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Cilia

Small hairs on a cells surface that wave back and forth allowing the cell to move.

Flagella

A whip-like structure on a cell that 'whips' back and forth allowing the cell to move (e.g. sperm cell).

Pseudopod

"False foot". An extension of the cell to 'pull' the cell forward (move) or pull an object to the cell.

Active Transport

Movement of particles from low to high concentration across the membrane that requires energy (ATP).

Passive Transport

Movement of particles from high to low concentration across the membrane (no energy needed).

Facilitated Diffusion

Passive transport through the membrane with the use of protein channels. Some channels are specific while others are not.

Centriole

Helps align chromosomes during cell division (animal cells only).

Microtubules/Microfilaments

Small, thin proteins that help support and give structure to a cell. A cells cytoskeleton.

Cyto-

Prefix meaning cell.

Phospholipid Membrane

Cell membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins (transport), cholesterol, and aquaporins..

Pore

A small opening (hole) to allow materials to pass in and out of an area.

Porous

Allows materials to pass through.

Passive

No energy needed to allow material passage.

Aquaporin

Protein channels in the cell membrane that allow for quick water passage.

Regulate

Control.

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water.

Hydrophobic

Repelled by water.

Modify

Change / Convert

Plant Cell

1 large vacuole.

Chloroplasts

Cell wall (cellulose)

Animal Cell

Many small vacuoles

Cell membrane only

Centrioles

Lysosomes

Phospholipid

Makes up the majority ofv the cell membrane. Composed of a phosphate 'head' (hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid 'tails' (hydrophobic).

Semi-permeable

Allows some materials (not all) to pass through.

Selective permeability

The ability to decide which particles enter and leave a cell.

Ex- / Exo - / Extra-

Outside

-e.g. exoskeleton of an insect

-e.g. Extracellular - Outside a cell

In- / Intra-

Inside

-e.g. Intracellular - Inside a cell

-e.g. Internal - inside an object

Macro-

Large

Micro-

Small

Concentration

The amount of dissolved solute in a solvent. Usually expressed as a percent.

Solution

Solute + solvent

Solute

Particles dissolved in a liquid (solvent)

Solvent

A liquid particles (solute) are dissolved in

Permeability

How well a substance can pass through something.

\[cyto]Lysis

Cell bursting (exploding)

Plasmolysis

Cell shrinking

Endocytosis

Taking things in from the surrounding environment by creating a vesicle.

Exocytosis

Getting rid of wastes into the surrounding environment by expelling a vesicle.

Pinocytosis

Taking in water from the environment via endocytosis. Cell drinking.

Phagocytosis

Taking in food from the environment via endocytosis. Cell eating.

Osmotic solution

The solution outside a cell.

Hyper-

Above, over, a lot