psych 1101 review questions

all review questions

What structure is located in the outer ear that separates the outer ear from the middle ear? .

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

___________________ is a sleep disorder in which the muscle relaxation associated with REM sleep may not occur.

REM sleep behaviour disorder

REM sleep is...

inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills

True or false: Taste receptor cells are contained in taste buds located in the pappilae

true

true or false: Cones are sensitive to detail and colour and are most concentrated at the fovea.

true

What is the correct order in which the retina's neural layers process visual stimulation?

rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

The cochlea consists of

a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear.

Selective attention is best illustrated ...

by the cocktail party effect

true or false: The JND is the weakest level of a stimulus that can be reliably detected 50% of the time

false

The monocular depth cue in which an object blocking another object is perceived as closer is

partial occlusion

You have classically conditioned your dog to salivate to middle C on the piano. When you play the note above middle C, your pet still salivates even though this note was never paired with the presentation of food. In classical conditioning terms, this phenomenon is known as

stimulus generalization

A hungry rat in an operant chamber is reinforced with food after pressing a bar only if a light on the chamber wall is on. If the rat learns to press the bar only when the light is on, this would indicate that the light is a

discriminative stimulus

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is:

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

Effects that increase behaviors are __________; effects that decrease them are ____________.

reinforcers; punishers

A child stops throwing pencils after watching a teacher scold another child for throwing a pencil across the room. This is an example of

observational learning

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat was the ________.

US; CS

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua’s video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua’s behavior?

negative punishment.

The “law of effect” states

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be
repeated

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

modeling

The first experimental studies of
associative learning were conducted
by

pavlov

the 5 basic tastes are

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

___________ occurs in the cones and rods of the retina for vision and in the cochlea for hearing.

transduction

Stimulants such as cocaine produce euphoria because they ______.

block the re-uptake of dopamine in the brain

The nerves that are responsible for converting tactile stimuli into electrical signals that the brain can understand are called _________________.

mechanoreceptors

True or false: People adjust easier to “spring ahead” than to “fall back” time changes because most people prefer a day that is shorter than 24 hours.

false

Charlie works for a moving company. He can easily tell the difference in weight between two small boxes but cannot detect any difference at all between the weight of the washing machine and the weight of the dryer. This is an example of ____________.

webers law

what is the difference between sensation and perception

Sensation refers to the process by which our senses send information to the brain whereas perception is the interpretation of this sensory information

what is the fovea

the central focal point in the retina.

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound

loudness

Most addictive substances impact the neurotransmitter ___________________.

dopamine

A fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a

specified number of responses have been made

Shaping is a ________ procedure

operant conditioning

Watson and Raynor offered a rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. In this study, the loud noise served as the

unconditioned stimulus

The way slot machines reward gamblers with money best illustrates

partial reinforcement

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged
in

observational learning

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

CS, US

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

generalization

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a

conditioned response

Simon’s rabbit gets a treat every night. The treats come in a plastic bag that makes a crinkling sound. When the rabbit hears the bag he runs to the door of his cage to await the treat. One night when Simon is eating chips the rabbit hears the sound of the bag and runs to his cage door. The sound of the bag is the

conditioned stimulus

Every time he hears the name of his favorite restaurant, Jacob begins to salivate. In classical conditioning terms, the restaurant’s name is serving as:

conditioned stimulus

if 2 objects are assumed to be the same size, the object that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived to
be

more distant

if you walked through a dorm and heard someone playing guitar you would recognize the sound as different from that made by a violin or piano. this is because of the differences in ___________

timbre

stage 3 sleep is associated with

delta waves

opiates are highly addictive, they mimic our bodies natural endorphins and reduce ___________ and promote _________.

pain/anxiety
pleasure

taste receptor cells are located in the ________.

papilla

what are the effects of alcohol

increase in GABA
lack of judgement
loss of coordination and balance

webers law suggests that

difference thresholds are a constant proportion of the original stimulus

the blind spot refers to

the area where the optic nerve leaves the eye

when undergoing chemo to treat cancer, patients may generalize the nausea caused by chemo to the place where the therapy takes place. when this occurs the conditioned stimulus is ___________.

the place where the therapy takes place

in classical conditioning there needs to be __________________

an association between the US and CS

in instrumental conditioning there needs to be _________________

an association between the behaviour and the consequence

japreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed. when is he negatively reinforced

when he makes his bed and the nagging stops

the semicircular canals are most directly relevant to _________.

the vestibular sense

light energy is converted into neural impulses by _________.

rods and cones

brightness is to intensity as hue is to ______.

wavelength

the ______________ is often called the brains pleasure centre

nucleus accumbents

retinal disparity refers to the

somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object

drugs classified as _______ increase a neurotransmitters effect

agonists

who first demonstrated that a neutral stimulus could acquire the ability to evoke a response originally attributed to another stimulus?

pavlov

For the most rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented

about one-half second before the US

In Pavlov’s experiments in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:

food

Light energy is converted into neural impulses by

rods and cones

Odorants bind with olfactory receptors in the ______________

olfactory epithelium

According to the __________________ Theory high pitch sounds distinguished by where sensory receptors are activated along the basilar membrane

place

Organizing the string of letters B-F-J-T-A-V-K-C into JFK-TV-CAB is an example of:

chunking

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Which neural center in the limbic system helps process explicit memories for storage?

hippocampus

In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus (and also Loftus and Palmer?), two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word “smashed” in relation to the accident later recalled

broken glass at the scene of the accident

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference

The fact that Nicole still knows how to ride a bicycle even though she has not ridden one in ten years best exemplifies which of the following types of memory?

procedural

The importance of effortful processing for long-term retention is best illustrated by

the testing effect

Sara learned a monologue from Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night and then, a month later, learned a monologue from King Lear. Every time she tried to recite the monologue from King Lear she began reciting the Twelfth Night monologue. This is known as

proactive interference

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn:

the names of researchers they met previously in the day.

The electrical current that travels down the axon of a neuron is known as what?

action potential

the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

glutamate*

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

Directs the body's rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations

In working with HM, _________________________ noted the importance of the hippocampus in memory and different types of memories

Brenda Milner

explain heritability

Heritability refers to a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

Glial cell provides _____ and _______support to the neuron

nutritional
structural

A human sperm cell contains

23 chromosomes

______ are the basic information that is passed along in DNA that tells cells and molecules how to “build” an organism and how that organism should behave.

genes

What type of neuron initiates physical movement and allows people to move through the world?

motor neuron

Evolutionary Psychologists use the principle of __________ to attempt to explain the evolution of mind and behavior

natural selection

a process in which the DNA itself is modified by environmental events and those genetic changes are then transmitted to children?

epigenetics

The function of the myelin sheath is to

speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon

The peripheral nervous system is made up of two branches, which
include:

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

DNA is a complex ______

molecule

Identical twins originate from the fertilization of:

a single egg cell by a single sperm cell.

To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a

fMRI

What type of signal directs the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into the synapse?

electrical

The parasympathetic nervous system

stimulates digestion and slows heartbeat

what goes on in the temporal lobe

auditory processing

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome.

an X; either an X or a Y

The reticular formation is a nerve network that travels through the ________ into the thalamus

brainstem

what best explains the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

The sympathetic nervous system is like a car’s gas pedal, while the parasympathetic nervous system is like a car’s brake pedal.

The gaps in the myelin sheath on an axon known as __________.

nodes of ranvier

What part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli?

dendrites

Communication between neurons is accomplished using what type of energy

chemical

The Broca’s area, named after neuroscientist Pierre Paul Broca, is associated with:

language production

Identical twins are also known as ________ because they develop from a single fertilized egg

monozygotic