chapter eight

eukaryotic chromosomes differ from bacterial chromosomes because only eukaryotes have _________.
-histone proteins
-chromosomes in a nucleus
-several to many chromosomes
-elongated, not circular, chromosomes
-all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

any organism that contains genes that originated in another organism is best referred to as a _________.
-conjugate
-recombinant
-vector
-clone

recombinant

which of the following is not associated with a bacterial ribosome?
-is a 70S
-has a petptide (P) site
-has an exit site
-small unit provides the enzymes for making peptide bonds
-has an amino acid (A) site

small unit provides the enzymes for making peptide bonds

DNA polymerase III _________.
-joins Okazaki fragments
-unzips the DNA helix
-adds new bases and proofreads new DNA
-removes primer
-synthesizes primer

adds new bases and proofreads new DNA

gene regulation can involve a protein repressor that blocks _________ from initiating transcription.
-DNA polymerase I
-DNA polymerase II
-RNA polymerase
-mRNA
-rRNA

RNA polymerase II

among the microorganisms, various genomes can include _________.
-chromosomes
-plasmids
-mitochondrial DNA
-chloroplast DNA
-all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

a mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon is called a _________.
-point mutation
-silent mutation
-back mutation
-missense mutation
-nonsense mutation

nonsense mutation

the RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called _________.
-ribosomal RNA
-messenger RNA
-transfer RNA
-primer RNA
-ribozymes

transfer RNA

the expression of genetic traits is the _________.
-proteome
-genome
-genotype
-phenotype
-proteotype

phenotype

a type of recombinant DNA technology procedure which involves removing a selected gene of interest from an animal, plant, or microorganism and then inserting and propagating it within a different host organism is known as _________.
-transgeneration
-induced mutation
-cloning
-conjugation

cloning

which of the following is incorrect about transfer RNA?
-it has a bottom hairpin loop with an anticodon
-an anticodon is complementary to a codon
-it contains a binding site for an amino acid
-the initiator tRNA that binds to the P site has the anticodon UAC
-the initiator tRNA in bacteria carries tryptophan

the initiator tRNA in bacteria carries tryptophan

the various techniques by which scientists manipulate DNA in the lab are called _________.
-genetic engineering
-recombinant DNA
-gel electrophoresis
-biotechnology
-gene probes

genetic engineering

if you start with three double-stranded DNA fragments, after four cycles of PCR you will have _________ fragments.
-12
-24
-27
-48
-81

48

which molecule is synthesized as a copy of a gene on the DNA template strand?
-messenger RNA
-primer RNA
-ribozymes
-ribosomal RNA
-transfer RNA

messenger RNA

choose the phrase that best describes the role of a cloning vector.
-screens for recombinants that have been successfully transformed
-separates fragments of DNA
-introduces DNA into a cloning host
-isolates DNA from a donor organism
-detects the presence of specific DNA sample

introduces DNA into a cloning host

common vectors used to transfer a piece of DNA into a cloning host are _________.
-plasmids
-viruses
-bacteriophages
-artificial chromosomes
-all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

DNA polymerase I _________.
-supercoils
-synthesizes RNA primer
-unzips DNA
-removes primers
-adds bases to new DNA chain

removes primers

a permanent, inheritable change in the genetic information is called _________.
-regeneration
-translation
-alteration
-mutation
-transcription

mutation

which statement best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?
-DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins
-DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins and some information from RNA flows back to DNA in a regulatory role
-DNA synthesizes proteins
-RNA directs the synthesis of DNA, which codes for proteins

DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins

mastery of synthetic biology will allow humans to _________.
-make new organisms using only chemicals as the starting materials
-synthesize chemicals in cells that are missing due to a genetic anomaly
-construct complex molecules in situ that will target cancerous cells in tissues
-design alternative forms of energy production
-all of the choices are possibilities from synthetic biology

all of the choices are possibilities from synthetic biology

the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing an operon is called the _________.
-terminator
-structural locus
-regulator
-operator
-promoter

regulator

what type of mutation alters the base, but not the amino acid being coded for?
-missense
-nonsense
-back
-point
-silent

silent

DNA is denatured at _________.
-37*C
-42*C
-60*C
-94*C
-100*C

94*C

each nucleotide is composed of _________.
-one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar
-two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar
-one phosphate, two nitrogenous bases, and one sugar
-one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars
-two phosphates, one nitrogenous base, and two sugars

one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar

analysis of DNA fragments in gel electrophoresis involves _________.
-larger fragments that move slowly and remain closer to the wells
-DNA that has an overall negative charge and moves to the positive pole
-DNA fragments that are stained to see them
-an electric current through the gel that causes DNA fragments to migrate
-all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

each _________ is a specific segment of the DNA with the code for production of one functional product.
-gene
-triplet
-exon
-operator
-intron

gene

RNA molecules differ from DNA molecules because only RNA _________.
-has ribose
-has uracil
-is typically one strand of nucleotides
-does not have thymine
-all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

the sum total of genetic material of a cell is referred to as its _________.
-chromosome
-DNA
-genome
-pheotype

genome

the most serious type of mutation is a _________.
-point mutation
-silent mutation
-frameshift mutation
-back mutation
-all the choices are equally serious

frameshift mutation

bacterial conjugation involves _________.
-bacteriophage carrying donor DNA to the recipient cell
-a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus
-naked DNA fragments from a lysed donor cell taken up by a recipient cell
-new progeny cells with genes from two parent bacterial cells
-none of the choices are correct

a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus

when bacteriophages invade bacterial cells, they leave behind DNA that is recognized by the bacteria as foreign and can be eliminated in the event of another attack, reminiscent of adaptive immunity. this natural process can be adapted in the lab so that a combination of guide DNA and nucleases facilitate the cutting of DNA at a precise location in any organism. here we are describing _________.
-gene therapy
-CRISPR
-metagenomics
-synthetic biology
-recombinant DNA technology

CRISPR

helicase _________.
-supercoils DNA
-unzips DNA
-unwinds RNA
-winds RNA
-none of the choices are correct

unzips DNA

EcoRI and HindIII are _________.
-palindromes
-reverse transcriptase
-restriction endonucleases
-ligases
-DNA polymerase

restriction endonucleases

choose the statement that best describes the role of restriction enzymes in genetic engineering.
-restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations
-restriction enzymes are used to purify DNA
-restriction enzymes are used to join different segments of DNA
-restriction enzymes are used to replicate specific sequences of DNA
-restriction enzymes are used to sequence long stretches of DNA

restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific locations

which of the following is not true of an organism's genotype?
-is inherited
-are structural genes coding for proteins
-are genes coding for RNA
-are regulatory genes controlling gene expression
-are the expressed traits governed by the genes

are the expressed traits governed by the genes

a technique that separates a readable pattern of DNA fragments is _________.
-biotechnology
-gene probes
-recombinant DNA
-genetic engineering
-gel electrophoresis

gel electrophoresis

the size of DNA is often given in the number of _________ that if contains.
-genes
-codons
-base pairs
-proteins
-triplets

base pairs

which PCR step synthesizes complimentary DNA strands?
-add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72*C
-cool DNA to between 50*C and 65*C
-add primers
-heat target DNA to 94*C
-repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

add DNA polymerase and nucleotides at 72*C

full induction of the lactose operon requires _________.
-lactose present
-lactose and glucose present
-lactose present without glucose
-lactose and arabinose present
-all of the choices induce the lactose operon

lactose present without glucose

a sequence of bases on a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called a(n) _________.
-operon
-operator
-promoter
-exon
-intron

intron

the deliberate removal of genetic material from on organism and combining it with the genetic material of another organism is a specific technique called _________.
-gene probes
-polymerase chain reaction
-biotechnology
-gel electrophoresis
-recombinant DNA technology

recombinant DNA technology

a specific segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule is a _________.
-chromosome
-genotype
-phenotype
-gene

gene

base pairs in DNA are held together by _________ bonds.
-sulfhydryl
-polar covalent
-nonpolar covalent
-peptide
-hydrogen

hydrogen

the jumping of a gene from one location to another is done by _________.
-conjugation
-transposons
-transformation
-transmission
-transduction

transposons

three consecutive bases in the DNA of a gene represent the code for one _________.
-protein
-purine
-nucleotide
-pyrimidine
-amino acid

amino acid

the transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is _________.
-transduction
-conjugation
-transformation
-transmission
-mitosis

transformation

if the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATA ETH EBI GRA T?
-missense
-nonsense
-insertion
-deletion
-silent

insertion

which of the following is not our of an organism's genotype?
-is inherited
-are structural genes coding for proteins
-are genes coding for RNA
-are regulatory genes controlling gene expression
-are the expressed traits governed by the genes

are the expressed traits governed by the genes

the emerging field of synthetic biology, while offering breakthroughs in medicine and energy production, is not without concern. apprehension by ethicists is understandable since _________.
-the ability to create life forms from scratch raises a multitude of issues
-medical insurance costs will likely skyrocket
-oil and gas prices will increase as a result of the decreased demand for fossil fuels
-mutations in manufactured cells will cause problems for existing organisms

the ability to create life forms from scratch raises a multitude of issues

the enzymes that can proofread replicating DNA, detect incorrect bases, excise the,, and correctly replace them are _________.
-DNA polymerases
-DNA gyrases
-DNA helicases
-DNA ligases
-primases

DNA polymerases

a three base sequence on mRNA is called a(n) _________.
-codon
-intron
-anticodon
-exon

codon

the _________ is all of the genetic material of a cell.
-prophage
-chromosome
-plasmid
-proteome
-genome

genome

DNA strands can be clipped crosswise at selected positions by using enzymes called _________.
-palindromes
-reverse transcriptase
-restriction endonucleases
-ligases
-DNA polymerases

restriction endonucleases

the genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its _________, whereas the observable traits are referred to as its _________.
-chromosomes; genotype
-phenotype; traits
-genotype; phenotype
-phenotype; genotype

genotype; phenotype

during replication, each parent DNA strand serves as a _________ for synthesis of new DNA strands.
-copy point
-template
-comparison molecule
-scaffold
-reservoir

template

the benefit of the bacterial operon is that _________.
-the split genes can be. cut and spliced back together with greater precision than with single genes
-they are much less prone to mutation than individual genes
-the structural genes can be regulated individually, affording the cell more control over the protein products
-since the proteins coded for by the operon structural genes work as a team, they are regulated (i.e. induced or repressed) as a team, thus saving energy

since the proteins coded for by the operon structural genes work as a team, they are regulated (i.e. induced or repressed) as a team, thus saving energy

which PCR step causes the denaturation of double-stranded DNA?
-adds DNA polymerase and nucleotides for 72*C
-cool DNA to between 50*C and 65*C
-add primers
-heat target DNA to 94*C
-repeat the cycle of heating and cooling

heat target DNA to 94*C

if the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATE THE BAG RAT?
-silent
-deletion
-missense
-nonsense
-insertion

missense

if the wild-type DNA sequence reads THE CAR ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATE (stop)?
-missense
-nonsense
-insertion
-deletion
-silent

nonsense

all of the following pertain to nitrogenous bases except _________.
-adenine pairs with thymine
-adenine and guanine are purines
-form pairs by hydrogen bonding
-cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines
-guanine pairs with uracil

guanine pairs with uracil

the DNA of microorganisms is made up of subunits called _________.
-nucleotides
-histones
-amino acids
-polymerases
-mRNA

nucleotides

during dna replication, synthesis of the leading strand of DNA differs from the synthesis of the lagging strand in that _________.
-the leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork, whereas the lagging strand extends away from the fork and is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments
-the leading strand is made in the 5'-3' direction by DNA polymerase III, whereas the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction, 3'-5'
-only the lagging strand requires a primer for each of the Okazaki fragments; the leading strand does not require a primer to begin synthesis of the daughter strand
-the leading strand is synthesized away from the fork and is made in short segments called Okazaki fragments whereas the lagging strand extends continuously toward the replication fork

the leading strand is synthesized continuously toward the replication fork, whereas the lagging strand extends away from the fork and is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments

a bacteriophage transfers DNA of the previous host to the current host. this is an example of _________.
-conjugation
-generalized transduction
-specialized transduction
-a reaction of an Hfr cell
-none of the choices are correct

generalized transduction

genomic _________ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.
-DNA
-libraries
-clones
-digests
-books

libraries

the benefit of the bacterial operon is that _________.
-since the proteins coded for by the operon structural genes work as a team, they are regulated (i.e. induced or repressed) as a team, thus saving energy
-they are much less prone to mutation than individual genes
-the structural genes can be regulated individually, affording the cell more control over the protein products
-the split genes can be cut and spliced back together with greater precision than with single genes

since the proteins coded for by the operon structural genes work as a team, they are regulated (i.e. induced or repressed) as a team, thus saving energy

If the mRNA codon for alanine is GCA, then the correct anticodon would be _________.
-CGU
-CGT
-GCA
-ACG
-UGC

CGU

the development of virulent, toxin-producing bacterial strains due to the presence of a temperate phage can occur in _________.
-bacterial conjugation
-transformation
-generalized transduction
-specialized transduction
-all of the choices are correct

specialized transduction

a new field of research called nutrigenomics is based on the premise that individuals gain or lose weight according to differences in their individual genomes, making "going on a diet" no longer a one-size-fits-all solution. this is based on what genomic principle?
-each human genome differs because of frameshift mutations
-the human genome contains 10 million SNPs
-human genes and consumption of nutrients are completely unrelated
-all human genes code for the same proteins

the human genome contains 10 million SNPs

replication of DNA begins at a(n) _________ rich area.
-guanine-cytosine
-uracil-adenine
-adenine-thymine
-adenine-cytosine
-guanine-adenine

adenine-thymine

for DNA replication, a primer of _________ is needed at the origin of nucleotide addition.
-polymerase III
-polymerase I
-helicase
-RNA
-DNA

RNA

which of the following statements applies to both DNA and RNA?
-the molecule is synthesized in the 5'-3' direction when a polymerase adds A, T, C, and G nucleotides onto the 3' end of the existing polymer
-the molecule is synthesized in the 5'-3' direction when a polymerase adds a nucleotide into the 3' end of the existing polymer, creating a bond between the phosphate group and the ribose
-the molecule is synthesized in the 5'-3' direction then, on completion, the single strand folds to form secondary and tertiary level structures
-the molecule is synthesized in the 5'-3' direction when a polymerase adds a nucleotide onto the 3' end of the existing polymer

the molecule is synthesized in the 5'-3' direction when a polymerase adds a nucleotide onto the 3' end of the existing polymer

a recombinant organism is one that _________.
-has obtained genetic material from another organism that has integrated into the genome, combining the two DNA molecules
-obtains genes by conjugation, but not transduction
-induces a gene that was previously turned off, thereby producing a new phenotype
-has sustained a mutation in the genetic material such that a new phenotype results, for example, the organism develops increased virulence or antibiotic resistance

has obtained genetic material from another organism that has integrated into the genome, combining the two DNA molecules

the antiparallel arrangement within DNA molecules refers to _________.
-each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar
-a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine
-one helix strand that runs form the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction
-an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule
-none of the choices are correct

one helix strand that runs form the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction

semiconservative replication refers to _________.
-each base bonding at the 1' position of the sugar
-a purine always bonding to a pyrimidine
-one helix strand that runs form the 5' to 3' direction and the other strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction
-an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule
-none of the choices are correct

an original parent DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand comprising a new DNA molecule

amplification of DNA is accomplished by _________.
-polymerase chain reaction
-DNA sequencing
-gene probes
-southern blot
-western blot

polymerase chain reaction

which of the following is incorrect about termination codons?
-where the bond between the final tRNA and the finished polypeptide chain is broken
-include AUG
-include UAA, UAG, and UGA
-do not have corresponding tRNA
-can also be called nonsense codons

include AUG

The primers in PCR are _________.
-synthetic short strands of DNA (oligonucleotides)
-bacterial enzymes
-short RNA strands
-DNA polymerase
-reverse transcriptase

synthetic short strands of DNA (oligonucleotides)

the _________ strand is synthesized continuously while the _________ strand is synthesizes in a series of short fragments called Okazaki fragments.
-original; primary
-primary; secondary
-lagging; leading
-leading; lagging

leading; lagging

Okazaki fragments are attached to the growing end of the lagging strand by _________.
-primases
-DNA gyrases
-DNA ligases
-DNA polymerases
-DNA helicases

DNA ligases

the discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome means that _________.
-genes are not important in determining the individual phenotypes of individuals, since we are all similar in our growth and metabolism
-the human species is in grace danger of dying out due to the threat of mutation across the species
-mutations are far more dangerous than we thought, prior to the human genome project
-individual risk for specific diseases can be analyzed, and personalized medicine designed as a result of the analysis

individual risk for specific diseases can be analyzed, and personalized medicine designed as a result of the analysis

all of the following pertain to transcription except _________.
-occurs on a ribosome
-occurs before translation
-requires RNA polymerase
-requires a template DNA strand
-proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction of the growing mRNA molecule

occurs on a ribosome in the cytoplasm

DNA polymerase used in PCR _________.
-use an RNA template to make complimentary DNA
-must remain active at very cold temperatures
-include Taq polymerase
-are labeled with fluorescent dyes
-all of the choices are correct

include Taq polymerase

the following pertain to ribosomes during protein synthesis except _________.
-they participate in both transcription and translation
-they participate only in transcription
-they scans the mRNA for an AUG codon
-they are composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
-they shift to the right along the mRNA strand from one codon to the next

they participate in both transcription and translation

synthesis of an inducible enzyme requires _________.
-repressor alone bound to operator
-substrate bound to repressor
-substrate bound to promoter
-corepressor and repressor binding to operator
-none of the choices are correct

substrate bound to repressor

sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5' to 3' direction on one strand and the 3' to 5' on the other strand are _________.
-DNA polymerases
-palindromes
-reverse transcriptase
-restriction endonucleases
-ligases

palindromes

in recombinant DNA technique, what enzyme is needed to seal the sticky ends of genes into plasmids or chromosomes?
-DNA polymerase II
-DNA helicase
-DNA polymerase I
-DNA ligase
-primase

DNA ligase

the basic premise of gene therapy is that _________.
-the error in protein production from a defective gene is overcome by the insertion of the correct gene from a healthy cell into the patient's tissue
-the correct gene, once inserted into the affected tissue, will be passed on to the individual's offspring, thus eliminating the disease from future generations
-genetically engineering the correct gene into the patient's tissues has had no reported safety issues
-the defective gene is permanently excised from the patient's cells

the error in protein production from a defective gene is overcome by the insertion of the correct gene from a healthy cell into the patient's tissue

the duplication of a cell's DNA is called _________.
-mitosis
-replication
-transcription
-translation
-mutation

replication

DNA fragments can be separated in gel electrophoresis because _________.
-nitrogenous bases have a net positive charge
-nitrogenous bases have a net negative charge
-phosphate groups have a net positive charge
-phosphate groups have a net negative charge
-none of the choices are correct

phosphate groups have a net negative charge

the lactose repressor protein _________.
-is transcribed with the structural lac genes
-is activated by binding lactose
-is inactivated by binding lactose
-requires lactose for its transcription
-none of the choices are correct

is inactivated by binding lactose

which is incorrect about inducible operons?
-have genes turned off by a buildup of end product
-are often for catabolic pathways
-are normally turned off
-are turned on by the substrate of the enzyme
-include the lac operon

have genes turned off by a buildup of end product

restriction endonuclease recognize and clip at DNA base sequences called _________.
-palindromes
-genes
-introns
-exons
-codons

palindromes

geneticists can make complimentary DNA from messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA by using _________.
-reverse transcriptase
-ligases
-palindromes
-restriction enzymes
-DNA polymerases

reverse transcriptase

select the statement that best describes the purpose of gel electrophoresis.
-gel electrophoresis is able to cut DNA in very specific locations
-gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size
-gel electrophoresis enables the amplification of specific DNA sequences
-gel electrophoresis identifies specific segments of DNA
-gel electrophoresis joins different segments of DNA

gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size

the nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the _________.
-promoter
-operator
-exon
-intron
-operon

promoter

which cell can transfer chromosomal and plasmid genes to a recipient cell by conjugation?
-F+ cell
-Hfr cell
-B cell
-R cell
-F- cell

Hfr cell

which of the following statements best describe the initiation of translation?
-a tRNA with the anticodon, AUG, enters the ribosomal complex and binds to the mRNA at the A site
-the large and small ribosomal subunits scan the mRNA in the 3'-5' direction until the promoter is reached
-the mRNA attaches to the larger ribosomal subunit and once the start codon reaches the A site, the tRNA binds and the small subunit completes the complex
-the mRNA containing the start codon, AUG, sits at the P site and forms a complex with the corresponding tRNA, and the large and small ribosomal subunits

the mRNA containing the start codon, AUG, sits at the P site and forms a complex with the corresponding tRNA, and the large and small ribosomal subunits

the site where the old DNA strands separate and new DNA strands will be synthesized is called the _________.
-rolling circle
-primer
-replication fork
-Okazaki fragments
-template

replication fork

DNA polymerase III _________.
-is needed for adding nucleotides during mRNA synthesis
-synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
-cannot add nucleotides to the lagging strand
-synthesizes an RNA primer
-all of the choices are correct

synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction

which of the following is not true of transposons?
-can change pigmentation
-can replace damaged DNA
-can transfer drug resistance
-can change the genome
-are always part of palsmids

are always part of plasmids