ANAPHY LEC REVIEWER

KAYA MO YAN, FUTURE RRT! PASADO

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

Most common mechanisms. Used to maintain homeostasis.

PREVENTIVE

This is a proactive approach in the treatment or prevention of disease.

PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE OR PROPHYLAXIS

Consists of measures taken for disease prevention.

INCIDENCE

This is a measure of the probability of occurrence of a given medical condition in a population within a specified of period time.

PREVALENCE

The proportion of individuals in a population having a disease or characteristic.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

This mechanism effects the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.

PREVALENCE

A statistical concept referring to the number of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time.

RISK FACTORS

1. Age

Infections, congenital disorders, genetic disorders, developmental disorders

2. Gender

3. Lifestyle

Habits that contribute to well beings

4. Environment

5. Heredity

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

A deviation from the normal range results in more change and the system moves farther away from the normal range.

DIAGNOSIS

A process by which a disease condition is identified by means of its signs and symptoms.

DISEASE

Abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism.

PREVENTIVE

This task is carried by a worldwide approach, whole government approach, local government approach or an individual or familial approach.

CURATIVE

These pertains to treatment and therapies that provide a patient with the main intent of fully resolving an illness and the goal of bringing the patient back to health.

CURATIVE CARE

To cure a disease or promote recovery from an illness injury or impairment.

ACUTE DISEASE & CHRONIC DISEASE

Two Categories of Disease

ACUTE DISEASE

These are conditions which generally develop suddenly and last a short time only a few days or weeks.

CHRONIC DISEASE

These are conditions that develop slowly and may worsen over an extended period of time.

DIAGNOSIS

This is done by a systemic history and physical examination.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

This is a scientific study which deals with how disease affects the overall health and well being of a certain population.

PALLIATIVE

This form of treatment is designed to relieve symptoms, and improve your quality of life.

PALLIATIVE

It can also be used to reduce or control the side effects of cancer treatment.

PATHOLOGY

The study of the causes and effects of disease or injury.

This term comes from the Greek word “PATHOS” and “LOGOS”

Disease & a treatise

FEEDBACK LOOP

A process by which the body condition and function is continually checked and rechecked to maintain an optimum level.

2 TYPES OF FEEDBACK LOOP

Negative Feedback & Positive Feedback

FEEDBACK LOOP

This is basically regulated by the neural channels in the brain.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

This is normal only when there is a definite end point.

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

Intense change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing.

SIGNS & SYMPTOM

Signals of Disease

SIGN

Manifestation of disease that the physician perceive. This represent the objective evidence of disease.

SYMPTOM

This represent the subjective complaints of the patient. Manifestation of disease apparent to the patient himself.

PAIN

A symptom indicating physical suffering or distress.

INFLAMMATION

This is the body’s normal response to injury.

PAIN

It is a form of defense mechanism and protective mechanism that alerts the body.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE

1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

2. CANCERS

3. IMMUNE DISORDERS

4. GENETIC DISORDERS

5. MENTAL DISORDERS

6. TRAUMA

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

These are risk factors or activities that people participate in that play a large role in a persons overall health.

PREDISPOSING FACTORS

Age, Heredity, Gender, Lifestyle and Environment

COMMON CONDITIONS SCREENED

Blood pressure, diabetes and cholesterol tests

Cancer screenings

Counselling for depression

Sexually transmitted infections

Routine vaccinations against disease such as measles or meningitis

Counselling, screening and vaccines for healthy pregnancies

Influenza vaccine

DIAGNOSTIC

Aided by the use of diagnostic tools like radiography, sonology and a battery of laboratory examination and other imaging techniques.

HOMOESTASIS

This refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

This is facilitated by:

1. Regulating hormones

2. Body temperature

3. Acid-base balance

4. Fluid and electrolytes

LIPS

The anterior boundary of the Buccal cavity.

MELATONIN

Main Secretion of the Pineal gland.

FEMUR

In the Thigh, this is the main skeletal structure.

FLEXION

The most important function of the small finger on the hand.

CALVARIUM, HEAD, CEPHALIC

Terms refers to the skull

TRACHEOSTOMY

A surgically created hole (stoma) in your windpipe (trachea) that provides an alternative airway for breathing. A tube is inserted through the hole and secured in place with a strap around your neck.

TRACHEOSTOMY

to bypass an obstructed upper airway; to clean and remove secretions from the airway; to more easily, and usually more safely, deliver oxygen to the lungs.

ANTERIOR

Tracheostomy is done on this portion of the neck.

NEPHRECTOMY, RIGHT

The surgical removal of the right kidney

LUMPECTOMY

The surgical removal of a mass in the breast

LUMP

A swelling, bump, or growth that can appear anywhere on your body. It can be soft, hard, painful, or painless.

GOUT

A common form of inflammatory arthritis that is very painful. It usually affects one joint at a time (often the big toe joint).

MAMMOPLASTY

Removes fat, breast tissue and skin from the breasts. For those with large breasts, breast reduction surgery can ease discomfort and improve appearance.

SURGICAL EXCISION

The removal of tissue using a sharp knife (scalpel) or other cutting instrument.

Z-PLASTY

A plastic surgery technique that is used to improve the functional and cosmetic appearance of scars. With this technique, it is possible to redirect a scar into better alignment with a natural skin fold or the lines of least skin tension.

LUMBAR TAP

To help diagnose diseases of the central nervous system, including the brain and spine.

LUMBAR

Lower part of the spine. Your lumbar spine supports the upper parts of the spine. It connects to the pelvis and bears most of your body's weight, as well as the stress of lifting and carrying items. Many back problems occur in the lumbar spine.

PLEURAL SPACE

The pleural cavity aids optimal functioning of the lungs during breathing. It transmits movements of the chest wall to the lungs, particularly during heavy breathing.

PLEURAL SPACE

The cavity that exists between the lungs and underneath the chest wall. It is normally empty, with the lung immediately against the inside of the chest wall. In some diseases, fluid can build up in this space (a pleural effusion).

THORACOSTOMY

In a condition where accumulation occur in pleural space.

CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Gallbladder removal surgery. This isn't a surgery that most doctors will rush into. While it's a common surgery, it's still major surgery with some serious risks and complications.

GALLBLADDER

a pear-shaped organ that sits just below your liver on the upper right side of your abdomen.

PARACENTESIS

A procedure that removes fluid (peritoneal fluid) from the abdomen through a slender needle.

CYSTECTOMY

The surgical removal of the bladder.

A RADICAL CYSTECOMY

Removes the entire bladder, nearby lymph nodes, part of the urethra and nearby organs that may contain cancer cells.

PARTIAL CYSTECTOMY

Removes part of the bladder.

BRONCHITIS

Pain inflammatory disease affecting the wind pipe.

TONSILITIS

Inflammation of the tonsils. It's usually caused by a viral infection or, less commonly, a bacterial infection. Your tonsils are the two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat. At the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side.

EPIDERMIS

The most superficial portion of the body.

STERNUM

a partially T-shaped vertical bone that forms the anterior portion of the chest wall centrally. Connects the ribs via the costal cartilages forming the anterior rib cage.

LINEA ALBA

This structure is considered the center of the anterior surface of the body.

MYALGIA

This is the term given for generalized muscular tenderness.

OPTIC NEURITIS

Occurs when swelling (inflammation) damages the optic nerve — a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain.

RHEUMATISM

An umbrella term that refers to arthritis and several other conditions that affect the joints, tendons, muscle, ligaments, bones, and muscles.

ARTHRITIS

Inflammation or swelling of one or more joints. It describes more than 100 conditions that affect the joints, tissues around the joint, and other connective tissues.

LOCATION OF THE FEMORAL ARTERY

at the top of your thigh in an area called the femoral triangle.

The triangle is just below your groin, which is the crease where your abdomen ends and your legs begin.

It runs to the lower thigh and ends behind the knee.

INCISORS

The four front teeth in both the upper and lower jaws.

TIBIA

the shinbone, the larger of the two bones in the lower leg. The top of it connects to the knee joint and the bottom connects to the ankle joint. Although this bone carries the majority of the body's weight, it still needs the support of the fibula.

GROIN

an area of your hip between your abdomen and thigh, located where your abdomen ends and your legs begin.

FIBULA

Long bone in the lower extremity that is positioned on the lateral side of the tibia. Smaller and thinner than the tibia.

RADIUS

found in the lateral forearm.

ULNA

found in the medial forearm.

HUMERUS

the bone in your upper arm that's located between your elbow and your shoulder.

ADRENALINE

known as Epinephrine, a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your body's “fight-or-flight” response. It's also used as a medication to treat many life-threatening conditions.

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

common blood test used to evaluate how well the thyroid gland is working.

THYROXINE & TRIIODOTHYRONINE

These two hormones are essential for maintaining your body’s metabolic rate — the speed at which your body transforms the food you eat into energy and uses it.

LACRIMAL GLAND

located within the orbit above the lateral end of the eye. This structure in the anterior anatomy of the face secrete tears.

KIDNEY

Remove wastes and ***excess fluid from the body.*** Responsible ***for getting rid of waste products, drugs, and toxins through our urine***.

LIVER

filters all of the blood in the body and breaks down poisonous substances, such as alcohol and drugs.

All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through this organ.

ACUTE

rapid onset, severe symptoms, and a short duration.

CHRONIC

slow progression and long duration.

CALCANEUS

tarsal bone which is called the heel bone.

EARS

Organ of corti is associated with this structure.

Abdominal Aorta

The portion of the largest artery in the body that runs through the abdomen; it supplies oxygenated blood to the abdominal and pelvic organs and the legs.

Pathogens

Include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that invade the body and can cause health issues. An organism causing disease to its host.

Endocrine Gland/System

responsible for the secretion of the different hormones responsible for reproduction.

Endocrine Gland/System

responsible for secretion of estrogen from the ovary

Progesterone

responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy especially in the first 3 months of gestation or the first trimester.

Nephron

the basic unit structure of the kidney is called

Urinary System

responsible in the secretion of angiotensin (is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure)