Biology Midterm

genome

all genetic information an organism contains

species

groups of interbreeding organisms that produce infertile offspring

4 Big Ideas

Evolution, Energetics, INformation & Transmission, systems interactions

Natural Selection

mechanism of evolution in which some individuals survive and reproduce more than others in a particular environment as a result of heritable variations among organisms

abiotic

nonliving component

emergent property

part of a system that cannot achieve something on its own that the whole system can

percent change formula

final-initial/initial x 100

quantitative and qualitative data

Quantitative data is numerical, qualitative data is descriptive

p in p-value

probability

statistically significant data is not likely to have occurred due to

chance

p=0.05 means

5% due to chance 95% due to experimental data

p

the null hypothesis is rejected

independent variable

variable manipulated to test hypothesis

experiment needs two groups

experimental and control groups

theory in conversation vs scientifically

theory in conversation is synonymous with hypothesis or idea but in science it is a general explanation of the world backed by large amounts of experimental evidence and observations

hypothesis

reasonable tentative explanation that can be tested

null hypothesis

predicts that treatment has no effect

experimental data fails to support hypothesis

hypothesis rejected

control group is identical to experimental except

control group has no exposure to the experimental variable

experimental groups change how many variable at a time

one

can there be more than one control group?

yes

negative control group

treatment expected to have no effect

positive control group

treatment has an expected effect

nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

what bond is a C-H bond

covalent

how to ionic bonds form

between two molecules of significant difference in electronegativity

monomers of proteins, nucleic acids and carbohydrates

amino acids, nucleotides, and monosaccharides

what energy state is a molecule most stable

at lowest possible energy state

how many bonds can a carbon form c-bonds with

4

what does hydro lys mean

water splitting

what are isotopes

same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

hydrogen bonds bond what together

water molecules

hydrogen bonds are weaker or stronger than c-bonds

weaker

are hydrogen bonds present in ice

yes

energy moves in a cycle?

no

what are responsible for an atoms chemical reactivity

electrons

water soluble compounds are polar or nonpolar

polar

ice is less or more dense than water

less

lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

why does water have a high specific heat

raising the temp of liquid water takes a lot of heat because much of the heat energy is applied is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules rather than to increase molecular movement/temperature

why are c-h bonds considered nonpolar

both elements have similar electronegativity so neither C or H have a significantly different charge than the other

how does cohesion help water move in plants

it is the ability of a substance to stick together. Plants have tubes through the roots stem and leaves. Water enters through the roots and travels until it reaches the leave and transpires out. As water leaves the leaf it pulls up the water molecules behind it since it is able to stuck to the other water molecules using cohesion. Water continuously moves through the plant as the water molecules evaporate through the leaf of a plant and pull up the water molecules behind it so they can reach the leaf and evaporate and continue the process

does matter move in a cycle

yes

what is atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons

do electrons have more energy closer or further from the nucleus

electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy than those father away and are less reactive

how do covalent bodns work

they share an electron pair

charges in water

hydrogen has a partial positive charge while oxygen ahs a partial negative charge

what is electronegativity

atoms ability to attract electrons

oxygen is more or less electronegative than hydrogen

more

How does NaCl get dissolves in water

the hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to Cl atoms of salt molecule

what does hydrogen translate to

water generating

sugars are hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophilic

how many other water molecules can water bond to

3

what is the symbol for a hydrogen bond

a dotted line

what does hydrolysis do

hydrolysis breaks covalent bonds, one compound hydrogen atom and one gains OH group

what does dehydration synthesis do

dehydration synthesis builds polymers from monomers, removes a water molecules from compounds

what is specific heat and why does water have a high specific heat

specific heat is the amount of energy or heat needed to change the temp of a substance, water has high specific heat and doesn't change from a solid to a liqiod due to the amount od hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Energy used to change solid to liquid is spent breaking each hydrogen bond

why are ionic bonds strong in nonliving systems compared to being the weakest in living systems

ionic bonds are broken in water and since water is solvents of most living organisms it is very abundant meaning ionic bonds are easily breakable in living systems compared to nonliving systems

how to carbohydrates determine blood type

blood type is determined by oligosaccharides that are covalently bound to outer surface of the red blood cells

formula for glucose and fructose (they are isomers)

c6h12o6

what are isomers

molecules that have the same formula but differing structure

ribose formula

c5h10o5

what is ribose

a monosaccharide

what is a hydroxyl group formula (polar or nonpolar?)

OH polar

charge and polarity of phosphate groups

negative electrical charge and hydrophilic so polar

what is formula for carboxyl group

COOH

what shape do monosaccharides take in aqeous solutions

ring shape

what is formula for sucrose (glucose+fructose)

c12h22o11

most widespread molecule on earth?

cellulose

what do glycosidic bonds do?

connect monosaccharides they are also covalent

how are glycosidic bonds formed?

dehydration synthesis

cholesterol is or is not a steroid

cholesterol is a steroid

are lipids polymers?

no

a component of lipids

glycerol

how do fats and oils form

dehydration synthesis

where are hydrophilic r groups located on globular proteins

surface of globular proteins

denatured proteins retain what bonding?

peptide bonding

cholesterol is essential to what structure

the animal cell membrane

what does hydrolysis of sucrose make

fructose and glucose

why are steroids lipids?

because of their hydrophobicity

explain how glycogen is synthesized

once cells have obtained all the glucose they need the liver synthesizes the short-term storage carbohydrate known as glycogen from glucose remaining in the blood

what determines a phospholipids tail structure

the amount of carbon-carbon double bonds, structure either linear or kinked

hormones that use cholesterol as its precursor

estrogen and testosterone

why is extreme heat able to kill cells?

heat denatures the structures of the proteins and enzymes in the cell and so are not able to function and perform biological of the cell eventually killing all the cells

how does the smooth ER filter out toxins?

One role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to make toxin molecules more polar, increasing the polarity changes the charge of the internal environment in the cell. This uspets the homeostasis and in order to create a stable environment the charged molecules must be moved out of the cell. polar dissolves in water can be moves to bloodstream, go into kidneys and filtered our as urine

why are cristae folded

increase surface are where more lipids and proteins can be synthesized by the ribosomes on the surface of cristae

smooth Er synthesizes what

steroids

a signal peptide causes what to be moves to the Er

ribosomes, mRNA and growing proteins

Name the THree Domains

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea

where can proteins be found

in teh cell wall

definition of ATP

energy that is released that is stored in a chemical

what is catabolism and anabolism

chemical reaction that break down molecules into smaller units are catabolism, those that build up molecules into bigger units are anabolism

what is the baseball and mitt in the analogy

baseball is the substrate and enzyme is the mitt

source of energy for an endergonic reaction

energy from exergonic reaction

in a reaction with engative gibbs free energy energy is or is not made available for cells use

is

hydrolysis of ATP is a endergonic or exergonic reaction

exergonic

what are biological catalysts

enzymes

are enzymes proteins

yes

what does a diagram of ATP include?

3 phosphate groups with strong bond (zigzag line), 5 carbon ribose, two subunits for adenine, adenine + ribose is adenosine

can a catalyst make a reaction occur that could not occur previously

no