Anatomy & Physiology: Midterm

• Standing up/lying down

• facing forwards;

• feet together

• palms facing forward (up)

• thumbs pointing laterally

Describe the anatomical position

Anatomy: names of structures
Physiology: how structures work

Difference between the science of anatomy and the science of physiology.

Maintenance of internal levels around a set up

Define homeostasis.

Superficial - towards the surface of an organ

Deep - further from the surface of the organ

Difference between superficial and deep.

Anterior - the front of the body or in front of another organ

Posterior - the back of the body or behind another organ

Difference between terms “anterior” and “posterior.”

Extension - increasing the angle between body parts

Flexion - decreasing the angle between body parts

extension vs flexion

Circumduction - moving a body part so that the proximal end stays fairly fixed and the distal end moves in a circle

Rotation - moving/twisting a body part around a long axis

circumduction vs rotation

A__**bd**__uction - moving arms/legs __**aways from the body**__ on the midline

A__**dd**__uction - moving the arms/legs back __**towards the body**__ on the midine

abduction vs adduction

Cranial

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* brain

Vertebral

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* Spinal cord

Thoracic

Name the body cavity that contains the organ(s):

* Heart, lungs, Trachea, Esophagus

Abdominal

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* Stomach, liver, intestines, colon, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys, pancreas

Pelvic

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* Bladder, rectum, uterus and ovaries for females

Pleural

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* Lungs

Pericardial

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* heart

Scrotal

Name the body cavity that contains the organ:

* Scrotal

protection

What is the main function of skin?

• Covering organs

• forming the inner lining of body cavities

• lining hollow organs

(ex: lining the stomach, lining blood vessels & tubes in the lungs, skin)

Where do you find __**Epithelial**__ Tissue

• Tendons

• ligaments

• blood

• bone

What are examples of __**Connective**__ Tissue

• SKELETAL

• SMOOTH

• CARDIAC

What are the three types of __**Muscular**__ Tissue

attached to bones and causes us to move

Voluntary

Function of __**Skeletal**__ Muscular Tissue

Makes up the walls of hollow organs \n (Ex/ stomach, intestines, blood vessels, \n bladder, uterus)

moves material through \n digestive tract

constricts blood vessels, \n (and empties the bladder)

Involuntary

Function of __**SMOOTH**__ Muscular Tissue

Pumps blood through the heart and into blood vessels

Involentay

Function of __**Cardiac**__ Muscular Tissue

Skeletal muscles (biceps)

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

Where to find __**Muscular**__ Tissue.

• Brain

• spinal cord

• peripheral nerves

Where is __**Nervous**__ Tissue found?

Ligaments - attach bones to bones (add stability to the joint)

Tendons - attach muscles to the bone

Difference between a __**LIGAMENT**__ and a __**TENDON**__?

Neither heal well because they don’t have a lot of blood vessels (poorly vascularized)

What is a similarity in regards to healing & what causes this similarity of tendons and ligiments?

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Hypodermis / Subcutaious Layer

List the three layers of skin starting with the most superficial.

1. Stratum corneum

2. Stratum lucidum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum spinosum

5. Stratum basale

List the 5 epidermal layers (in order from superficial to deep). (__**C**__ome, __**L**__ets __**G**__et __**S**__un __**B**__urned)

The Dermis

In which layer of skin are fibroblasts found?

Collagen & elastin

What 2 proteins do fibroblast cells produce?

Connective

Which of the 4 tissue types is Collagen & Elastin

Sebaceous - glands are oil glands

sudoriferous - glands are sweat glands

What is the difference between a sebaceous gland and a sudoriferous gland?

Acne

What disorder is associated with sebaceous glands?

Keratin

What protein fills up epidermal cells which gives skin its protective properties?

Separation of epidermis from dermis (filled with lymph fluid)

What is a blister?

1. Loss of fluids (go into shock)

2. infection

Why are 3rd degree and critical burns life threatening?

Axial skeleton - the vertebral, skull, & rib cage bones

Appendicular skeleton - the arm & leg bones and the bones they are attached to

Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons.

1. Support & protection

2. Movement

3. Blood cell formation

4. Storage of inorganic salts

What are the 4 functions of the human skeletal system.

A - diaphysis

B - distal epiphysis

C - epiphyseal plate

D - articular cartilage

E - spongy bone

F - compact bone

G - yellow marrow

H - periosteum

I - proximal epiphysis

J - endosteum lining the medullary cavity

Name the parts of the long bone.

Osteocytes - mature bone cells

Osteoblasts - bone building cells (B=build)

Osteoclasts - bone dissolving cells (C=cut)

What’s the difference between osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts.

A - osteocyte

B - osteoblast

C - osteoclast

Label this cross section of compact bone using the three types of osteo- cells

Osteoblasts (they remove calcium from the blood and put it into bone)

Which cells does calcitonin bind to and what is the result? (__***C***__alcium __***B***__uilds strong bones)

Osteoclasts - the dissolve bone, releasing calcium into the blood which increases the amount of calcium into the blood

Which cells does parathyroid hormone bind to and what is the result? (Hormone Clast)

Red bone marrow

Where are red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and platelets made?

• Ball and socket

• Hinge

• Pivot

• Gliding

• Condyloid

• Saddle joint

List the 6 types of synovial joints.

Shoulder (humerus and scapula); hip (head of femur & acetabulum)

What is an examplem of a…

Ball and socket joint

Knee & elbow

What is an examplem of a …

Hinge joint

Dens of axis and atlas bone; proximal end of radius & ulna

What is an examplem of a …

Pivot joint

Carpal/tarsal bones

What is an examplem of a …

Gliding joint

Occipital condyles to atlas bone & Knucks

What is an examplem of a …

Condyloid joint

Thumb (carpal bone to 1st metacarpal)

What is an examplem of a …

Saddle joint

skull

Where are immovable joints called sutures found?

The outside cartilage of intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus) ruptures and nucleus pulpous (jelly-like middle) protrudes out. It compresses the nerves in the spinal cord.

What is a herniated disc and why is it a problem?

occipital

Name the bone. #1

frontal

Name the bone. #5

zygomatic

Name the bone. #18

mandible

Name the bone. #12

clavicle

Name the bone. #1

humerus

Name the bone. #3

radius

Name the bone. #4

ulna

Name the bone. #5

ilium

Name the bone. #18

ischium

Name the bone. #20

pubis

Name the bone. #21

femur

Name the bone. #1

patella

Name the bone. #2

tibia

Name the bone. #3

fibula

Name the bone. #4

calcaneus

Name the bone.

metatarsals

Name the bone. #6

1. brain

2. Spinal cord

What two organs/structures make up the central nervous system?

1. Sensory neurons

2. Motor neurons

What 2 types of neurons are in the peripheral nervous system?

CNS - integrates and processes information

PNS - carries the information to the CNS or away from the CNS

How is the overall function of the CNS different from the PNS?

dendrites

What specific part of a neuron receives neurotransmitter messages?

Cell body

What part of a neuron “sums up” the neurotransmitter stimulus message in order to determine if the threshold potential of -55mv has been reached?

Sodium (Na+)

In order for the threshold potential to have been reached, enough of what ion had to enter the neuron?

Action potential

Reaching the threshold potential triggers an __________.

Axon

What is the name of the neuron structure that carries this electrical message from the cell body towards thesynaptic end bulbs?

The depolarization at 1 Node of Ranvier is carried to the next Node which brings that voltage gated channel to threshold

How does 1 action potential in the axon at point A cause the next action potential at point B in a myelinated neuron?

It insulates the axon which increases the speed of the message

What is the function of myelin?

• Cerebrum

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

• Diencephalon

List the 4 parts of the brain

• Thinking

• personality

• decision making

• memories

• problem solving

What is the function(s) of the …

Cerebrum

Balance and coordination

What is the function(s) of the …

Cerebellum

Homeostatic reflexes- regulates breathing, heart beat

What is the function(s) of the …

Brain stem

Homeostasis, hormone control

What is the function(s) of the …

Diencephalon

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Temporal

4. Occipital

List the 4 lobes of the cerebrum

Thinking; personality; decision making; motor messages sent

What is the fruntion(s) of the …

Frontal Lobe

Somatosensory information processed (pressure, temp)

What is the fruntion(s) of the …

Parietal Lobe

Hearing

What is the fruntion(s) of the …

Temporal Lobe

Sight

What is the fruntion(s) of the …

Occipital Lobe

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION - Fight or flight response

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION - Rest & digest

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the Peripheral Nervous System that can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. What is the overall function of these 2 divisions?

1. Sensory receptor

2. Sensory neuron

3. Interneuron

4. Motor neuron

5. Effector (ex: muscle or gland)

List the parts of a reflex arc in order.

Z-line

Label the following parts of a sarcomere, the functional unit of skeletal muscle. #1

Thin filament

(actin, troponin,tropomyosin)

Label the following parts of a sarcomere, the functional unit of skeletal muscle. #2

Thick filament
(myosin)

Label the following parts of a sarcomere, the functional unit of skeletal muscle. #3

sarcomere

Label the following parts of a sarcomere, the functional unit of skeletal muscle. #4

“tell” muscle cell to contract

What is the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

Motor neuron

What type of neuron releases acetylcholine?

The synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

What is a neuromuscular junction?