HAN 333 exam 1 (copy)

informative speaking

publicly addressing others to increase their knowledge, understanding, or skills

informative methods

1. definition

2. description

3. explanation

4. demonstration

the five needs

1. physical

2. relational

3. identity

4. spiritual

5. instrumental

persuasive speaking

public speech that aims to influence listeners' beliefs, attitudes, and actions

beliefs

perceptions about what is true or false, accurate or inaccurate

rhetorical proof

ways to support a persuasive argument, including, ethos, pathos, and logos

ethos

a speakers respectability, trustworthiness, and moral character

pathos

listeners' emotions

logos

listeners' ability to reason

inductive reasoning

consider the specific evidence then draw conclusions

deductive reasoning

start with conclusion then use it to explain specific individual cases

proposition of fact

a claim that a particular argument is supported by the best available evidence and should therefore be taken as factual

proposition of value

a claim that evaluates the worth of a person, an object, or an idea

proposition of policy

a claim about what should be done

problem-solving pattern

a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker establishes the existence of a problem and then proposes a solution to it

refutation approach

a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker begins by presenting the main arguments against his or her position and then immediately refutes those arguments

comparative advantage method

a way of organizing a persuasive speech in which the speaker explains why his or her point of view is superior to others on the same topic

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

a way of organizing a persuasive speech consisting of appeals to attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and then action

logical fallacy

a line of reasoning that, even if it makes sense, does not genuinely support a speaker's point

ad hominem fallacy

a statement that attempts to counter an argument by criticizing the person who made it

slippery slope fallacy

a statement that attacks an argument by taking it to such an extreme that it appears ludicrous

either/or fallacy

a statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted

false-cause fallacy

a statement asserting that if an event occurs before some outcome, the event therefore caused that outcome

bandwagon appeal

a claim that a listener should accept an argument because of how many other people have already accepted it

hasty generalization

a broad claim that is based on insufficient evidence

red herring fallacy

a statement that responds to an argument by introducing an irrelevant detail to divert attention from the point of the argument

straw man fallacy

a statement that refutes a claim that was never made

begging the questions

supporting an argument using the argument itself as evidence

appeal to false authority

a claim that uses as evidence the testimony of someone who is not an expert on the topic

receptive audience

an audience composed of people who already accept and agree with all or most of what a speaker plans to say

neutral audience

an audience lacking strong feelings for or against the topic of a speech

hostile audience

an audience in which listeners are predisposed to disagree with the speaker

build rapport

create the perception that listeners and the speaker see things similarly

speech topics

inform, persuade, entertain, introduce, give honor

introduction

tell them what you are going to tell them

body

tell them

conclusion

tell them what you told them

rule of subordination

a rule of speech organization specifying that some concepts in the speech are more important than others

rule of division

a rule of speech organization specifying that if a point is divided into subpoints, it must have at least two subpoints

rule of parallel structure

a rule of speech organization specifying that all points and subpoints in an outline should have the same grammatical structure

Desensitization

confronting frightening situations directly, to reduce the stress they cause

impromptu

on the spot - not controlled

extemporaneous

takes noted before time and try to sound spontaneous - more controlled

scripted

news - even more controlled

memorized

movies - the most controlled

physiological effects

anxiety

physical effects

sweating, tenseness

behavioral effects

hear it in their voice, fidgeting

visual elements

clapping, looking at their foreheads, scanning the room

vocal elements

changing volume

anticipatory anxiety

the worry people feel when looking ahead to a speech

desensitization

the process of confronting frightening situations directly, to reduce the stress they cause

language

a structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning

symbolic

different languages have different words for the same object

arbitrary

words have no inherent meaning; they only have the meaning people give to them generally random

semantic

they way we choose to use words and our understanding of what those words may be ex) 6 or half a dozen

syntactic

the way in which way words are arranged in a sentence to create meaning

pragmatic

we believe and understand that a word can mean something different

denotative

dictionary definition

connotative

social definition

Hayakawa's Ladder of Abstraction

abstract to concrete

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

if there's no word for something then there's no reality to it

semantic triangle

the relationship between words and their denotative and connotative meanings

equivocation

language that disguises the speaker's true intentions through strategic ambiguity

anchor and contract approach

deliberately asking for more than you really want when persuading someone

norm of reciprocity

expectation that someone returns the favor

weasel words

terms or phrases intended to mislead listeners by implying something they don't actually say

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

image

the way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others

social validation

the idea that people will comply with requests if they believe that others are also complying

Defamation

harmful words that harms a persons reputation

10 channels of nonverbal communication

1. facial displays

2. eye behaviors

3. movement and gestures

4. touch behaviors

5. vocal behaviors

6. the use of smell

7. the use of space

8. physical appearance

9. the use of time

10. the use of artifacts

vocal behaviors

pitch, inflection, volume, rate, filler words, pronunciation, articulation, accent, silence

proxemics

intimate, personal, social, public

somatotypes

body shape and style ectomorph mesomorph endomorph

intentional codes

on purpose

misperceived codes

ex) raising hand as stopping instead of saying goodbye

unintentional

ex) turn signal staying on accident

culture

all of the learned, shared symbols, language, values and norms that distinguish one group of people from another

societies

folks who share the learned symbols, languages, values and norms

co-cultures

Groups that share values, customs, and norms related to mutual interest or characteristics independent of national origin

components of culture and co-culture

power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism*, benevolence*, tradition, conformity*, security

low-context

say exactly what you mean

hi-context

do not be so blunt

monochronic

time is a valuable commodity that should be saved, spent, filled, invested, and wasted

Polychronic

time is viewed holistically; fluid, less structures, and infinite

floyd organization

physical constructs role constructs interaction constructs psychological constructs

professor's organization

figure and ground closure proximity similarity

selective memory bias

to remember information that supports our stereotypes while forgetting information that doesn't

primary affects

to believe the first impression

recency affects

to believe the most recent impression over the first impression

perceptual sets

the predisposition to perceive only what we expect to perceive

fundamental error

Judgments about the success and failures of others

self serving bias

judgments about personal success or failures

self concept defined

the set of stable perceptions a person has about who he or she is

uncertainty avoidance

the extent to which people try to avoid situations that are unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable

cultural influence

emblem artifact display personal distance eye contacts facial display of emotion greeting time orientation touch vocals

10 channels of nonverbal

facial displays eye behaviors movement/gestures touch behaviors vocal smell space physical appearance chronemics artifacts

defamation

the action of damaging the good reputation of someone; slander or libel.

I statements

begin with phrases such as I think, I feel, or I believe