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force
change in state of a object resulting from the interaction of another object .
force equation
mass x acceleration
weight
· force exerted on body due to gravity·
weight equation
weight = mass x gravity
inertia
The reluctance of a body to change its state of motion.
mass
The quantity of matter found in a body or object
torque
the rotational effect of a force
tourque eq
Force X Lever arm
moment of inertia
tendency for a body/object to resist changes in rotation
moment of inertia eq
Mass x radius2
Conservation of Angular momentum
The total Angular momentum of a system is conserved (doesn't change) throughout the rotation
Conservation of Momentum-
he total momentum of a system before a 'collision' is equal to the total momentum after the collision .
summation of mementum
Where body parts move in a sequence and timing in order to maximise momentum
5 ways to max momentum
Use of many body parts as possible Activation of stronger/larger muscles first Transfer of momentum from one body part to another when at maximum velocity Stable base present for maximal acceleration - Ensure an appropriate follow
linear momentum
how much motion an object or body has
linear momentum equation
Mass x velocity
angular momentum equation
moment of Inertia x Angular velocity
angular momentum
How much angular motion an object or body has
impulse
change in the momentum
impulse equation
Force x time
how to change momentum
Apply a force over a long period of time (reduce peak force) Apply greater force over short period,
linear distance
path travelled from start to finish, regardless of direction
linear dicplacment
difference from the initial position to the final position
angular distance
distance covered by a rotating body
angular dicplamcent
difference between the initial and final angular position of an object
linear speed
how quickly an object covers distance
linear speed eq
Distance/ Time
linear velocity
The rate of change of position of an object with respect to time.
linear velocity eq
Displacement / Time
linear acceleration
change in velocity
linear acceleration eq
Change in velocity/ Change in time-
angular speed
The angular distance covered divided by the time taken to complete the motion
angular speed eq
angular distance/ time
angular velocity
rate of change of the angular displacement of a body over time
angular velocity eq
Angular Displacement/ time
angular acceleration
how quickly a body changes its angular position
angular acceleration equation
change in angular velocity/time
friction
two surface come in contact with eachother
drag
object moving through air will exerience a drag force going the other direction
law 1 linear
An object will stay at rest or continue to travel in the SAME direction at a constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force
law 2 linear
the rate of acceleration of a body is proportional to the force applied to it and in the direction in which the force is applied. F= MxA.
law 3 linear
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
law 1 angular
The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted up by an external torque.
law 2 angular
a torque applied to a body will produce a change in angular motion proportional to the size and direction of the torque, and is inversely proportional to moment of inertia.
law 3 angular
For every torque there is an equal and opposite torque.
first class lever
resistance and force are on either side of the axis
secound class lever
resistance is between the force and axis
third class lever
force is between the resistance and the axis
lever arm
Total distance from axis to end of the lever
force arm
the distance from the axis to the force
resistance arm
Total distance from axis to resistance / load
Mechanical advantages of levers
The measurement of whether lever system is designed to multiply force or speed
mech advantage equation
Force arm/resistance arm
2nd Class advantage
multiply force greater than one force arm longer than resistance arm
3rd class advatages
multiply speed, increase velocity (and range of motion) less than one resistance arm longer than force arm
Significance of lever arm length
Using a bat or raquet= increase the distance from the axis to the resistance so the resistance arm is much longer than the force arm.
projectile
an object or body is launched into the air and only affected by gravity and air resistance,
Projectile motion-
factors that influence the flight path of the projectile.
vertical component
Vertical component = maximising height achieved by projectile Gravity works against vertical motion
horizontal
Affected by air resistance horizontal distance covered
speed of release
Greater speed of release= projectile travel further
angle of release
To decrease max heigh and flight time= smaller angle of release To increase max height and flight time- larger angle of release
height of release
greater height of release= greater distance horizontal due to longer flight time
pos height of release
height of release greater than landing height, reduce angle to less than 45
neg height of release
release height lower than landing height, increase angle to more than 45
flat height of release
angle of 45
Qualitative movement analysis
Analysis that is used to IMPROVE human movement
Qualitive vs quantitative movement analysis
Qualitative is non-numerical : is a description of the quality/characteristics of the performance Quantitative- involves numerical data
4 steps
preperation observation evaluation error correction
Preparation
coach establish to collect footage of her technique and what criteria she will use to analyse the technique,
Observation
Observation- then collect data by either making a digital recording or recording success or notes on what the coach sees
Evaluation
Evaluation- then review data using criteria to assess strengths and required improvement, this may include consideration of biomechanical principles.
Error Correction
Error Correction/ Intervention - providing feedback and strategies in order to improve the skill
direct observation advantages
immediate changes made player fatigue viewed
direct observation disadvatges
cannot compare future performance need to rely on memory cant view multiple player at once opinion based decisions
Direct observation with statistics advat
data stored for future establish player profiles
Direct observation with statistics disadvatges
difficult to record and view at once vision obstructed
video advatges
replay players can observe slow down observed by mulptple coaches
video disad
expensive requre expertise
shorter stick for golf
short sticks have less moment of inertia, as mass is located closer to axis, which increases angular velocity.
Aerobic power tests
Multi stage fitness test 2.4 km run test
Local muscular endurance tests
60 s pushup, fixed arm hang test
Muscular strength
1RM bench press grip stregnth dynamonter
Muscular power
bball throw, verticle jump
Anaerobic capacity
phos recover, 30 secound wingate test
Speed
20 and 35m sprint test
Agility
· Illinois agility test- Semo agility test
Flexibility
· Trunk flexion test (sit and reach) Ankle extension test-
Body composition
· Body mass index- Measurement of weight and height · Waist circumference- Measure circumference of waist · Skinfold measurements- Measure the volume of fat through pinching layers of skin
warm up purpose
prepare the body physiologically and psychologically for the conditioning phase increase physiological repsonces muscle temp blood flow
stages
5-10 mins low intensity (50%) continous dynamic stretches sports specific phase
cool down purpose
return to resting levels in the most efficient way possible return physiological state prevent venous pooling remoive metabolic by products
Tapering -
reduction in training Volume ( not intensity) that allows the athlete the time for extra recovery and their energy stores to be fully replenished
peaking
· planning training so the athlete reaches their optimum state of readiness to perform at a particular, pre-determined time
training diarie
A personal monitoring tool which can record both objective and subjective training information
physioloigcal, phycological and sociocultral info in training diary
physioligical- hr, rr, sweating physch- motivation, stress, confidence socio- temp, weather, time
didgital activity trackers
· wearable technology such as smart watches, chest straps, wristbands, GPS trackers
benefits
· Immediate feedback · Highly accurate and valuable information
digital aplication softwear
Mobile apps provide an easy and accessible way to record and analyse movement statistics in real time
benefits
· connect users with others to compete , provide support and motivation built in GPS