organization of the body (lec)

anatomy

ivestigates body structure

anatomy

“to dissect”

anatomy

examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

basic approaches to the study of anatomy

systemic anatomy & regional anatomy

general ways to examine the internal structures

surface anatomy and anatomical imaging

systemic anatomy

study of the body by systems

systemic anatomy

ex. cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular

regional anatomy

study of the organization of the body by areas (medical schools)

regional anatomy

ex. region of the head, arm, abdomen,

surface anatomy

study of external features

surface anatomy

ex. bony projectopms which serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures

anatomical imaging

involves the use of x-ray, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to take pictures of internal structures

anatomical imaging

ex. determining if a bone is broken, or a ligament is torn

physiology

investigates processes and functions

major goals of physiology

* examining the body’s response to stimuli
* examining the body’s maintenance to stable internal conditions

human physiology

studies the human organism

systemic physiology

studies body organ-systems

cellular physiology

studies body cells

importance of anatomy and physiology

understands how the body responds to:

* responds to stimuli
* environmental changes
* environmental cues
* diseases
* injury

6 levels of structural and functional organization

chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ-system, organism

chemical level

smallest level

chemical level

atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

chemical level

a molecule’s structure determines its function

chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules

cellular level

made up of cells - basic unit of life

cellular level

compartment and organelles (carry out functions)

cellular level

examples of organelles: mitochondria, nucelus

tissues level

group of cells with **similar structure and function** plus extracellular substances they release

tissues level

4 broad types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

organs level

two or more tissue types acting together to perform functions

organs level

ex. stomach, liver, ovary, heart, bladder, kidney

organ-system level

group of organs contributing to some function

organ-system level

ex. digestive, endocrine, respiratory

organ systems (MR CLIDE RUNS)

muscular, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, integumentary, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, urinary, nervous, skeletal

organism level

all organ systems working togethero

organism level

includes associated microorganisms such as intenstinal bacteria

6 characteristics of life

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

organization

functional interrelationship between partso

organization

how parts interact to performs specific functions

metabolism

sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism

metabolism

ability to acquire and use energy in support of changes

reponsiveness

ability to sense and respond to environmental changes

responsiveness

includes both internal and external environments

growth

can increase in size

growth

size of cells, group of cells, extracellular materials

development

changes in form and size

development

changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized - **differentiation**

reproduction

formation of new cells or new organismsr

reproduction

formation of new cells or new organisms

reproduction

generation of new individuals

reproduction

generation of new individuals

reproduction

tissue repair

homeostasis

maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment

variables

measures of body properties that may change in value

variables

ex. body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, blood cell counts, respiratory rate

normal range

normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point

set point

normal, or average value of a variable

set point

over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point

negative feedback

main mechanism used in homeostatic regulation

negative feedback

involves detection and correction

detection

deviation __away from set point__

correction

reversal of deviation __towards set point and normal range__

components of feedback

receptor, control center, effector

receptor

detects changes in variable

control center

receives receptor signal

control center

establishes set point

control center

sends signal to effector

effector

directly causes change in variable

positive feedback

occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response  

positive feedback

classic mechanism, occurs under normal conditions: childbirth

positive feedback

system response causes progressive deviation away from set point, outside of normal range

positive feedback

not directly used for homeostasis

positive feedback

generally associated with injury, disease

positive feedback

negative feedback mechanisms unable to maintain homeostasis

anatomical position

person standing erect with face and palms forward

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior

front

ventral

belly (anterior for four-legged)

dorsal

back (posterior for four legged)

posterior

back

medial

close to midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

close to point of attachment

distal

far from point of attachment

superficial

structure close to the surface

central region of the body

head, neck, trunk

trunk

thorax, abdomen, pelvis

abdomen

liver, stomach, intestines

pelvis

bladder, reproductive organs

upper limb

arm, forearm, wrist, hand

arm

shoulder to elbow

forearm

elbow to wrist

lower limb

thigh, leg, ankle, foot

thigh

hip to knee

leg

knee to ankle

sagittal plane

separate into left and right parts

median plane

a sagittal plane that divides into equal left and right halves

transverse plane (horizontal)

divides into superior and inferior parts

frontal plane (coronal)

vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and posterior parts