GENS340 Midterm Dr Grillo

Number of adults and children living with HIV globally in 2012

35.3 mil

How many new infections of HIV were in 2012

2.3 mil

Deaths due to AIDS in 2012

1.6 mil

What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

virus that causes AIDS, its a retrovirus

HIV

What does AIDS stand for?

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

It's a life-threatening syndrome caused by a virus and characterized by the breakdown of the body's immune defenses

AIDS

"A" = a virus received from someone else

Acquired

" I " = an individuals natural protection against disease -causing microorganisms

Immune

"D" = a deterioration of the immune system

Deficiency

"S"= a group of signs and symptoms that together define AIDS as a human disease

Syndrome

When was AIDS officially reported in the U.S?

June 1981

Headline in NY Times - July 1981

Rare Cancer seen in 41 homosexuals

How many cases of severe immune deficiencies were discovered between 1975 and 1981 in homosexual women? When reported? By whom?

5 cases Oct 1982 Henry Masur

The first definition of AIDS in 1982

the clinical description of symptoms: cellular immune deficiency and absence of underlying cause

AIDS definition modified

1983 1985 1987 (onset of life threatening illness, end stage of a disease process)

AIDS redefined

1993 1994 2000 (must have

In July 1982, one thing that all AIDS patients had in common

an exchange in body fluids (blood and semen)

When was the first case of AIDS in heterosexuals?

January 1983 in 2 females

When was the HIV Virus discovered?

1983

Where was HIV-1 discovered?

Pasteur Institute by Luc Montangnier

HTLV III

Human T cell Lymphotropic virus

HIV-2 found (when and where)

1985, West Africa

Four H-Disease

Haitians, Heroin users, Hemophiliacs, Homosexuals

GRID

Gay Related Immune Deficiency

Early names for HIV/AIDS

Third Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV III), Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus (LAV), Gay Related Immune Deficiency (GRID), AIDS Related Complex (ARC)

1959, man who lived in the Congo donated blood to a research project

oldest known infection

Origin of HIV is a crossover from

Chimpanzee

1) genes of SIV cpz sequenced overlapped between SIV and HIV.

2) All known HIV-1 strains include M group, O group, and N group with west/central african chimpanzee viruses.

3) genetic recombination among SIVcpz strains of the troglodytes lineage.

three lines of evidence

How did chimpanzee's acquire their infection?

hunting and consuming naturally infected primates (like humans did)

What 7 things make the HIV epidemic different?

transmitted primarily through sex, rapid global spread, long asymptomatic period, attacks most productive age group, political and public health problems, expensive and toxic drugs, causing economic crisis

1. causative agent must be found in all cases.

2. must be isolated from the host.

3. reproduced the original disease in other hosts.

4. found in experimental host infection.

koch's postulates

1. are microscopic particles of biological material

"life-like agents".

2. only consists of a genetic material within a protein coat.

3. need a host cell to replicate.

4. NOT a self-sufficient living cells capable of cell division to reproduce.

virus

How are viruses specific?

types of cells they enter and reproduce

The flu enters in the

respiratory tract

EBV enters in the

nose and throat

Hepatitis

liver

Viruses need to fit into the host like a what?

Lock and Key (receptor molecule - protein or protein attached to a sugar molecule)

Prior to 1970 biologists thought?

all genetic information flowed in one direction

What is the original direction of genetic information? ( ___ ---> ____ ---> ____)

DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis

Contains genetic information to make specific arrangements of nucleotides to create complementary copies of RNA

DNA

A complimentary copy of nucleotides that carry information from DNA to be translated into proteins

RNA

A reverse or contrast with normal gene expression

retrovirus

How much times smaller is HIV virus than a human cell?

100,000

the genetic code for HIV is a sequence of how many nucleotides?

9,749 nucleotides

How does the lock and key fit work?

HIV attaches to CD4 cells

What makes HIV able to enter into a host cell? (envelope proteins)

gp120 gp41

3 HIV components

complex retrovirus, directly infects CD4 cells (T-cells, T-4 cells, helper cells), it must make a DNA copy of its RNA

Genetic mutations create"____ ____" within the virus (like w/in a species)

genetic diversity

Mutations occur via changes in the nucleotides how?

(in order)

addition, deletion, substitution

How often does HIV regenerate?

every 2 days

How often does HIV regenerate each year?

180

A new HIV infection is about "___ " generations removed from the original infection.

1000

HIV uses "___ ___" as a factory - to make more HIV

CD4 cells

Retroviruses have "___" not DNA - they need "___ ___" to replicate

RNA, CD4 cells

When copies of HIV are made it is called?

Transcription

Genes store"___ ___" that code for the production of proteins

genetic information

How many genes make up the HIV genome?

9

In the genome there are how many major structural proteins?

3, GAG; POL; ENV

In the genome there are how many regulatory proteins?

2 (TAT; REV)

In the genome there are how many accessory proteins ?

4, NEF; VIF; VPU; VPR

How many of the nine genes are involved in regulating expression of GAG-POL-ENV genes?

5

Tat and Rev are?

Regulatory genes

The reproductive cycle of HIV

Adhesion, Penetration, Uncoating, Reverse transcription, Production of new viral RNA

The entire HIV reproductive cycle take about "____" minutes

5-6 min

The Genes of HIV

GAG, POL, Integrase, Protease, ENV

The HIV gene : GAG stands for what?

Group-Specific antigens (proteins)

Codes for internal structural proteins (p24)

Ability to direct the formation of virus-like particles - absence of this protein makes HIV lose its capacity to bud out of the host cell

GAG

codes for HIV enzymes, protease (p10)

Virus-associated polymerase (reverse transcriptase) and active in two forms integrase and protease

POL

enables HIV to be integrated

integrase

cuts the string of DNA

protease

codes for HIV surface proteins

Gp 120 (spikes) and gp41 attachment

This becomes the envelope again that surrounds HIV as it buds out of a cell

ENV

Genes that produce proteins essential for HIV replication?

tat and rev

HIV-1 has "___" genetically distinct groups

3

The three genetically distinct groups for HIV-1 are...

M (main), N (nonmajor), O (Outlier) and now P (closely related to SIVgor)

M group in HIV-1 is responsible for what percentage of HIV worldwide?

99

HIV has how many sub-types?

11

What are the sub-types of HIV and where are they located?

A-K

HIV-2 is most common in where?

West Africa

There are how many sub-types of HIV-2 and what are they?

6, a-f

America's (north and south) are predominantly sub-type what?

B

In the immune system HIV attaches to what?

CD4 receptor sites, lymphocytes

B cells produce what?

antibodies

There are 3 kinds of T cells:

regulatory, helper, cytotoxic

Regulatory t cells do what?

orchestrate, regulate, coordinate overall immune response

Histoplasmosis

oi in the lungs, fungus , Breathe spores, endemic in MS and OH river valleys, Initial OI in 2/3 of AIDS patients