World War One

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militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

causes of World War One (MAIN)

Balkan Region

powder keg of WWI with tensions and division over ethnic divides; Serbians in A-H had horrible lives

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

spark that lit the powder keg, blowing up into WWI (killed by Serbian nationalists)

secretive

some alliances were ___________

alliances in Europe

Serbia-Russia Germany-Austria-Hungary France-Russia Belgium-Great Britain

Serbia

Austria-Hungary declares war on this nation because of the assassination

nationalism

love for your country that breeds rivalries and antagonism-- lots of hating

ethnicities

nationalism spilled into these, in the Balkan Region especially with resentment over A-H domination

chain reaction

WWI was a .....

July 28th

Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia

August 1st

Germany declared war on Russia (Serbia's ally)

inevitable

it was __________ Russia get involved because Germany wanted to strike first to set up an offense and keep Russia on the defense on their toes

August 3rd

Germany declared war on France (Russia's ally)

Belgium

Germany invades this country shortly after declaring war on France in order to have more land to attack from

Great Britain

Belgium's ally who declares war on Germany

instigator

Germany is viewed as this after the war ends

trench warfare

new form of fighting utilized during WWI where trenches were dug; with three main types

front line; support; reserve

types of trench warfare

quality = horrible

trenches effective for fighting but... avoiding machine gun fire, but life was in a hole

trench foot

feet rotting off body from wetness

dead bodies

not properly disposed of in the trenches, meaning soldiers were stuck with them

1/3 of Allied deaths

in the trenches; not all were the enemy-- some were the because of the quality of living

frogs, lice, rats, and disease

grossness encountered in the trenches

No Man's Land

land between the trenches

American "neutrality"

huge leap in loans and exports to the Allies that led to a vested interest in an Allied victory, while export to Germany and its allies drop significantly

Sussex Ultimatum

Wilson's response to Germany after they sunk the Sussex-- America would cut off diplomatic relations with Germany if they continued unlimited submarine warfare

Sussex Pledge

Germany's response to Wilson saying they'll stop unlimited submarine warfare if America gets Britain to lift its blockade

neutral mobilization

getting ready for war w/o a draft; however, the national guard was put under federal control. prior to this, the governor of each state controls national guardsmen at any time, but now the commander in chief can nationalize them, creating a population of soldiers with adequate military training to be ready for war at a moment's notice

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State who was an anti-imperialist and anti-war; was fired because war was imminent and Wilson wanted to be surrounded by advisors who will help and be pro-war

House-Grey Memorandum

passed by the British government that said Britain wanted Wilson to help end the war and bring about peace, yanking the US out of neutrality

Russian Revolution

Czar Nicolas and his family were assassinated and the communists take hole, creating instability with a new government and a massive country; reason Russia wants to leave war

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Lenin, the communist leader in Russia, negotiated with Germany; it said that Russia would sign over a large portion of their European border to Germany

leaks Allied secrets to Germany

Lenin stirs the pot by doing this, revealing that Britain and France were just wanting more territory from this war

14 Points Speech

the US public was outraged by the revelation about Britain and France, and morale plummeted since Wilson was trying to convince the US that they were fighting to save democracy. Damage control with this speech that helps reunify the American people and boost morale

total war

in America, every resource possible (food, factories) allocated to war effort, and they were only producing for war and focusing only on war; civilian vs. war effort

convoy system

surround merchant ships with warships; helps and saves merchant ships not be sunk by U-Boats

U-boats

German submarines that were impossible to deal with -- no technology to track them -- could only see with the naked eye or when attacks happened -- merchant ships sunk and naval ships were destroyed by these

sonar

act offensively on U boats (fire power); send pings out into the ocean, and if it hits U-boat, the ping will come back --> fire and hit the U-boat

fresh legs and morale booster

what the American soldiers were to Allied troops, who were tired with the stalemate and morale low; enter US soldiers, ready to go with attitude and positivity and enthusiasm helps Allied troops perk up the war

American Expeditionary Forces

led by John Pershing who were nicknamed the Dough Boys because of their brown and puffy military uniforms

racism

still prevalent in WWI-- Black Americans were drafted, but were not allowed to fight. they were instead cleaners, cooks, and cleaned up dead bodies

369th Regiment

all Black regiment that fought with the French military on the front lines with valor and well performance

Croix de Guerre

awarded to 369th Regiment as the highest honor the French could give to foreign military

Selective Service Act of 1917

the draft

increased taxes

one way the US aimed to pay for the war; bulk placed upon the wealthy and corporations, but dries up quickly

liberty bonds

one way the US aimed to pay for the war; government sells these for a certain amount that will gain interest over a period of time (many years) to be paid back that $$

four major industries tasked with controlling aspects to help the war

Food Administration, War Industries Board, National War Labor Board, and Committee on Public Information

Food Administration

Hoover is in charge of rationing -- less days (meatless, etc where excess goes overseas) and liberty gardens (plant own food, allowing stores to give extra food overseas)

War Industries Board

led by Baruch, this monitored factories for efficient production and set production levels for iron, steel, etc

National War Labor Board

led by Taft, this was in charge of settling labor disputes like strikes as quickly as possible, since they were catastrophic for war efforts

Committee on Public Information

led by Creel, this was in charge of propaganda and getting the US public behind the war

flu epidemic

1918 Spanish influenza spread across the world; in America, businesses shut down when laborers got sick and/or died -- catastrophic for labor necessary to support the war

women; minority groups (immigrants)

significant portion of the workforce left to fight, meaning there were lots of job openings; ________ go into the workplace in large numbers for the first time ever; ___________________ fill in gaps in work force

Trading with the Enemy Act

banned American businesses from doing any sort of business with a Central Powers nation business (like Germany); overstepping of the government since it was cutting off profit for businesses, but was disregarded because it was the "best for the war"

Immigration Restriction Act of 1917

US doesn't want a lot of outsiders, so European immigrants must do a literacy test to gain access to the US; immigrants from Britain were ok, but other European nations were a no; institutes all out ban on Asian-Pacific Islander region from coming into the US

Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918

if you said/did something that could be seen as threatening to the US, you could be imprisoned or heavily fined

Schenck v. United States

distributed anti-draft pamphlets and was arrested in violation of the E&S acts; challenged all the way to the Supreme Court on violation of the 1st Amendment; Supreme Court disagrees and basically said government could limit free speech

attacks against German-Americans

assumed spies, treatment ranged from silly to very serious: last names that appeared to be German --> fired from job German language banned in schools not allowed to perform music by German composers German books banned changed names of German foods in restaurants (sauerkraut to liberty cabbage)

attacks against socialists

incorrectly assumed to be communists like in Russia; "evil"

18th Amendment

prohibition -- banning of alcohol in the US-- driving force seen as attack on immigrant groups seen as "heavy drinkers" like Germans and Irish in order to get them to leave; the wealthy still had secret access to alcohol; meant to control the lower classes to fix social behavior

Eugene V. Debs

leader of Socialist party who spent much of the war in prison for violating the E&S acts while speaking out on his party and his beliefs

neutrality

people who love America will act and speak in the true spirit of ________________

many hail from countries at war and support their homelands, causing division and hostility

the variety of national origins of Americans poses a problem why?

why Wilson is threatening to break off diplomatic relations with Germany

because Germany is using relentless and indiscriminate warfare against commerce vessels with submarines, and they are not following the accordance of what the US government says is the indisputable rules of international law and such. Attacking innocent civilians is not okay. If the German government does not stop right now, the US will end these relations.

why the United States cannot ignore Germany’s use of submarines to attack merchant (commerce) ships

The United States sees that the German use of submarines goes against the international laws of war and the dictates of humanity. Economically, this will jeopardize the American economy, which is why they have to intervene. America feels that it is unacceptable for Germany to attack passenger and freight carriers for any and all countries.

difficulty of the United States remaining neutral

US feels they are responsible for being the spokesmen of the rights of humanity. With Germany specifically going against these, the US seems to find its way in the middle of the war when it is trying to stay out of it. Germany is in the wrong, but the US cannot just stand by, and by not supporting the Germans, they are by default supporting the Allies.This isn’t our ship, but we’re still stepping in– not really allowed if they are neutral. Can't end war if not fighting in it– positioning to get involved.

why Wilson believes the United States must help end the war.

can’t let other human beings be stripped of their freedoms; our principles as a nation are key to us and we should help the world come to that realization as well– establish these principles on the world stage.

what Wilson means by "peace without victory"

“To the victor goes the spoils” – we cannot have something like that if we want true peace with one winner and loser – harbors bitterness that will have the situation come back again

the German Ambassador Count Johann von Bernstoff and the US Secretary of State, Robert Lansing

Unlimited Submarine Warfare Document is between... saying that Germany will now use unlimited submarine warfare, firing on any vessel that’s not their own

starvation

Britain is attempting to force Germany into submission through ______________ with a naval blockade of their ports

Zimmermann Telegram

between Mexico and Germany but intercepted by Britain; Germany is offering to create an alliance between the two countries. The document says that if the United States does not remain neutral, Germany will form an alliance with Mexico with the terms where the two countries will make war and peace together, and Germany will offer financial support to allow Mexico to reclaim territories lost to the US (Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona). (big reason why US joined wwi, as well as sinking of Lusitania – sunk by german u-boat, over 100 civilians killed )

armed neutrality

Wilson had previously utilized _______________ to remain neutral (ready just in case, tried to rely on diplomacy). The US had not been directly involved, but had dealt with German submarines attacking its commerce ships. Keeping an armed neutrality is no longer enough because innocent Americans are dying and ships are sinking, and not just in America. (Germany has unlimited submarine warfare and talking it out is not working) Wilson states that it is impossible to defend the German submarine attacks.

how Wilson defends US involvement

by saying that they are fighting for the ultimate peace of the world and the liberation of the people. He claims that the world must be safe for democracy to prevail. Wilson says that they have passed the limit of trying to maintain friendliness with Germany, America owes it to their forefathers to fight for free life and full liberty, and it would complete the rings of democracy around the world. (basic principles of US – fighting to save freedom, liberty, existence of democracy)

Britain, France, and Russia

Triple Entente

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Alliance

neutral countries

Spain, Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Albania

Lusitania

a British commerce ship sunk by the Germans, killing over 100 civilians, that helped push the Americans into World War I.

what US forces contributed to the war effort once they entered the war

convoy system, sonar, fresh legs, and morale booster

Arms Race

the major European powers were caught in this; the need to have the bigger and stronger military/weaponary

No Man's Land cw

the area between two trenches would be known as this

Serbia cw

Austria-Hungary declared war on this nation; allies with Russia

Triple Alliance

at the start of WWI, this alliance included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

at the start of WWI, this alliance included Britain, France, and Russia

neutrality

the US declared this at the start of WWI