APUSH Unit 4 Test Review

Free Market System

Capitalism

Irish/German Immigrants

The main two immigrant groups driven to America by political tensions and the Potato Famine

Nativism

Hostility to immigration

Alien Menace

A term used to describe immigrants by Nativists

Know-Nothings

Political party that disliked immigrants and believed they would harm the country

Literacy Test

A precaution suggested by the Nativists that would keep any inferior and uneducated immigrants from entering the US

Erie Canal

Built from 1817-1825 in New York, the canal stretched from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The canal had 88 locks and was the largest one in the US

Early Railroads

Coal-powered, made of iron, private-owned, and very short

Gauge

Length between rails on railroad tracks

Standard Gauge

The universal distance between rails in tracks that allowed for the mass production and connection of railroads

Main Railroad Cities

Chicago, New York City, and Baltimore

Telegraph

Magnetic, copper wire form of communication invented by Samuel Morse

Farms Associated News

Group that ensured all news was spread evenly and prevented any news monopolies from being created

Entrepreneurship

Private-owned businesses that became increasingly popular due to the market economy

Corporation

Business run by shareholders and investors

Limited Liability

Laws created to limit investor risk

Lowell System

Created in Massachusetts; the system focused on younger, single women who would work for lower wages. There were constant safety issues and the system was still water-based

Turret Lathe

Machine that allowed for mass production of parts

National Trade Unions

Early labor workers that demanded better working conditions and wages

Karl Marx

German philosopher against capitalism

Hunt vs Commonwealth

1842 Massachusetts trial that determined trade unions to be legal only in Massachusetts

Female Protective Unions

Groups of women who fought for better working conditions and equal pay to men for their labor

Free Blacks In the North

Could not vote, go to public school, or use public services

Free Labor

Black people and immigrants would work for free

Safety-Valve Theory

Frederick Jackson Turner suggested that anytime there was economic depression, people could just pack up and move West

Cult of Domesticity

Women and men had different spheres. Women were expected to stay home with the children and install moral values in them

Old NW

The Ohio and Illinois territories specialized in meatpacking, especially Cincinnati (Porkopolis) and Chicago

West Specialization

Dairy and livestock

South

Cash-crops

North/Mid-Atlantic

Wheat, fruits, and vegetables

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Cyrus McCormik

Invented the mechanical reaper

King Cotton

The high demand for cotton that drove the textile industry

Long-Staple Cotton

Cotton that was more difficult to grow and harvest

Short-Staple Cotton

Cotton that was easier to grow, more adaptable, more pack-able, and led to the increase in production and exports

Southern Trade and Industry

Weak manufacturing sector and limited transportation

De Bow's Review

Newspaper that stated the need for Southern industrialization and how the South was to dependent on the North

Cavalier Image

Southern tradition of chivalry, leisure, and elegance

Planter Class

The top one percent of Southerners that were at the top of the feudalism pyramid. Required large amounts of land and slaves

Overseers

People hired by the plantation owners to oversee the slaves working

Cult of Honor

Southern tradition of male responsibility

Southern Lady

Obedient to men, less education opportunities, and high infant mortality due to lack of proper medication

Plain Folk

Average working class of the South; 3/4 did not own slaves and many practiced subsistence farming. Education was limited due to the lack of push for public schools and expenses

Hill People

Southerns who were not dependent on slavery and would side with the North during the Civil War

Clay Eaters

Extremely poor Southerners; ate clay out of desperation for minerals and nutrients

The Peculiar Institution

Slavery was unique to America

Chattel Slavery

Slaves were properties with no rights

Gang System

Groups of slaves split up into groups that were chained to each other

Head Drivers

Slaves hired by overseers to help keep other slaves in check

Manumission

The act of freeing slaves; the increase in this led to increased difficulty to do so in the South in order to maintain racial superiority

Slave Market Hubs

New Orleans, Mobile, Galveston

Amistad

A Spanish slave ship that contained slaves who had successfully taken over that landed in the US. The court case went up to the Supreme Court where John Quincy Adams successfully argued for the slave's freedom. They were sent back to Africa

Sambo

Slaves would act dumb and childish in order to avoid punishment

Prosser Rebellion

(1800, Virginia) Rebellion led by a preacher named David Prosser that failed due to a slave telling the plantation owners

Turner Rebellion

(1831, Virginia) Rebellion that led to the killing of entire plantation families. It failed due to slaves being outnumbered and having no real weapons. This led to increased slave codes and murders

Harriet Tubman

Underground railroad conductor who rescued around 300 people. Nicknamed "Black Moses"

Pidgin

A language that blended African languages and English

Slave Marriges

Encouraged by plantation owners because it gave them more slaves/property and was leverage against families

Hudson River School

First American art school that focused on landscapes and sublime

Thomas Cole

English-American painter who focused on landscapes and nature

James Cooper

One of the first American novelists who wrote "The American Wilderness"

Herman Melville

Author of Moby Dick

Edgar Allen Poe

Writer who focused on Gothic and dark-themed poems

Transcendentalism

The idea of reason versus understanding

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Led the transcendentalist movement

Reason

Individual thought

Understanding

Society imposes how to live

Nature

The solution of inner conflict; removing oneself from society. Was also connected to religious beliefs through the idea that God created nature

Henry David Thoreau

Takes Emerson's teaching and experiences them. He wrote an essay on civil disobedience and did not pay taxes in protest of the Mexican War

Brook Farm

Massachusetts community that promoted equal labor and leisure

New Harmony

Indiana community that enforced socialist ideals

Trinity of Equals

Community that supported no private property, organized religion, and marriage based off of the first two ideals

Oneida Community

Community of "perfectionists" where everyone was married to everyone

Shakers

Christian sect founded by Quaker Mother Ann Lee that promoted celibacy

Joseph Smith

Claimed to be a prophet of God and was the leader of the Mormons and published the Book of Mormon in 1830

Mormons

Religious sect that aimed to create a new Jerusalem and supported polygamy for men only

Brigham Young

Took over the Mormons after Smith was persecuted and relocated to Utah; became a successful community

Burned-Over District

Rural New York where religious conversion swept throughout the area

Temperance Crusade

Rejection of alcohol

American Temperance Society

Founded in 1826 to promote the riddance of alcohol

Cult Divisions over Temperance

Protestants supported, Catholics did not as wine was sacred

Noble Experiment

Period during the 1920's that saw the ban on alcohol

Phrenology

Contour of a skull determines personality

Sylvester Graham

Believed in vegetarian diets and created the graham cracker

City Health Boards

(1830-1840) Organizations to limit disease outbreak

Horace Mann

Father of education; Created the first public school in 1831 in Massachusetts and the Board of Education

Benevolent Empire

The idea that people should help all people even if its difficult

Dorothea Dix

Female who supported asylum movement and prison reforms. Noticed the poor living conditions and inhumane autism treatment

Seneca Falls

(1848, NY) Women's Rights Convention that created the Declaration of Sentiments

American Colonization Society

(1817) African-American and white people could not live together

Purchase of Liberia

(1830) Liberia was purchased by the US to send African-American people and freed slaves back to Africa

William Garrison

Founded "The Liberator" newspaper in Boston, MA in 1831. He wrote about racial equality, the end of slavery, and how slave owners should get no compensation

Frederick Douglass

Former slave who became an abolitionist and wrote the "North Star" newspaper

Sojourner Truth

Female abolitionist who attended Seneca Falls

David Walker

Writer who wrote "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" that denounced slavery

Elijah Lovejoy

Abolitionist that was lynched in Indiana for his writings of equality for all races

Moral Suasion

Appeal to morality to end slavery

Personal Liberty Laws

Response of North to Southern Fugitive Slaves Laws. Essentially stated that the North would not assist in the hunting and returning of escaped slaves

Prigg vs Pennsylvania

(1842) The court ruling that determined Personal Liberty Laws were legal

Harriet Beecher Stone

Author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin"