Non-West Exam 3

Hinduism in India

-Subdivided into castes
-Discouraged intermarriage among castes and with non-Hindus

Muslims in India

-Displaced by British in the 18th century
- 1/4 of Indian people
-Felt discriminated against by both British and Hindus

Indian Civil Service

-Helped rule colonial India
-Mostly English
-Believed it was their duty to protect Indian people from dangers of industrialization

Racism in India

-Indians learned English and adopted English ideas
-Found racial quotas excluded them from Indian Civil Service, officer corps, and country clubs

Indian National Congress (1885)

-Petitioned government for higher access to administrative positions and a voice in official decisions
-Had little influence

Bengal 1905

-Province of Bengal divided to improve efficiency of administration
-Indians saw it as a way to lessen their influence
-Hindus were outnumbered by Muslims in East Bengal
-Lots of demonstrations, boycotts, and violence

All-India Muslim League 1906

-Founded by Muslims fearful of Hindu dominance
-Attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress
-Government responded by granting Indians a limited franchise based on wealth

Transfer of Indian capital 1911

-Capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi
-Divided Indians
-Politics became divided between Hindus and Muslims

Amrisar 1919

-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops to fire on a peaceful crowd of 10,000 demonstrators
-British House of Lords approved Dyer's actions
-Indians viewed it as British contempt

Mohandas K. Gandhi

-Part of Indian National Congress
-Preached ahisma and satyagraha
-Stood with poor and illiterate
-Became an important figure in India and Western media

Mahatma

-Followers name for Mohandas K. Gandhi
-Means the great soul

Ahimsa

Non-violence

Satyagraha

-The search for truth

Jarijan

-Children of God
-Gandhi's name for farmers and outcasts of India

Walk to the Sea 1929

-Political movement led by Ganhi in response to British monopoly on salt
-Led followers on an 80 mi walk, camped on a beach, and gathered salt from the sea

British in India 1920

-Handed over education, economy, and public works
-Gradually admitted more Indians into the Civil Service and officer corps

Indian protective tariff

-Indians placed high tariff barriers against imports
-Protected India's industries and foreign competition
-Created a class of wealthy Indian businessman

Jawaharlal Nehru

-Leader of the Indian National Congress
-Wanted to create a modern industrial India

India in WWII

-Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared war without consulting anyone else
-Provincial governments resigned in protest
-Divided Indian people
-Indian soldiers felt they were fighting to defend their country rather than support the British Empire

Quit India campaign

-Ganhi demanded full independence after WWII
-Aroused popular demonstrations against British and provoked arrests

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

-Leader of the Muslim League (1940)
-Wanted a country of their own (Pakistan)

India 1947

-India divided into India and Pakistan
-Indian National Congress formed first government in India
-Muslim League formed government for provinces in Pakistan

Kashmir

-Only state in India where Muslims made up a majority of populations
-Annexed by India because local government was Hindu
-Turned India and Pakistan into enemies

Manchurian Incident of 1931

-Chinese were preparing to challenge Japanese presence in Manchuria
-Railroad track exploded which gave an excuse for Japanese to conquer province
-League of Nations didn't support and Japan resigned

Chiang Kia-shek

-Chinese military and political leader
-Fought against Chinese communists and Japanese invaders
-Headed Chinese Nationalist government in Taiwan

Chinese Communist Party

-Founded in 1921
-Recruited members among industrial workers
-Became persecuted by Chiang Kia-shek and fled

Mao Zedong

-Leader of Chinese Communist Party
-Led communists on Long March
-Rebuilt Communist Party and Red Army during Japanese occupation of China

Long March

-6000 mi flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China to escape from the government
-Led by Mao Zedong
-Only 4,000 survivors

Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)

-1937 Japanese troops attacked Chinese near Beijing
-Blockaded entire coast of China
-Denounced by League of Nations
-Very violent
-Allowed communist party in China to gain power

Rape of Nanking

-During Sino-Japanese War
-Japanese killed and raped almost 200,000 civilians

Chinese Civil War (1945-1949)

-Japanese surrendered in 1945
-US gave money to Guomindang who had control of cities, weapons, and a large army
-Guomindang confiscated supplies and taxed heavily while printing money which caused high inflation
-Communists used stolen weapons to fight the Guomindang and won (1949)

38th parallel

-Divided North and South Korea
-Soviet controlled North Korea while US controlled South
-Created communist and noncommunist area when agreement couldn't be reached

Korean War (1950-1953)

-Began when North Korea invaded South Korea
-US allied with South Korea and China allied with North Korea
-Reached a stalemate along the 38th parallel
-Two sides agreed to a truce but never signed a peace treaty

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese leader who founded the French Communist Party (1930)

Dienbeinphu

-French stronghold in Vietnam
-Fell in 1954 marking the end of France's rein

Viet Cong

Communist guerrilla movement that supported North Vietnam

Vietnam War

-Communist North vs Noncommunist South Vietnam
-US aided in 1961 to prevent communist movements

Tet Offensive 1968

-During lunar new year (Tet) Viet Cong and allies launched attacks against South Vietnam
-Both sides had heavy losses and claimed victory
-Weakened domestic support for Johnson Administration

1973 Vietnam treaty

-Ended US involvement in war and promised future elections
-Viet Cong violated the treaty by capturing capital of Saigon and renaming it Ho Chi Minh City (1975)

The Great Society

Johnsons social reforms and civil rights initiatives in Vietnam

Achmad Sukarno

-Ruled Indonesia from 1949-1965
-Cooperated with Japanese to rid the Dutch (1949 Dutch withdrew)

Burma (Myanmar) 1948

-Granted independence by British
-Established Malay FederationS

Singapore 1965

-Originally part of Malay Federation
-Became an independent city-state

Algeria

-Strong French settlement
-10% of population was French or other European origin
-Granted political rights to settler population

Front de Liberation National (FLN)

-Algerian revolutionary organization that supported uprising in Algeria
-Supported by Egypt and other Arab countries
-Algeria won independence in 1962

Independence in Sub-Saharan Africa

-Most achieved through negotiation
-Colonies with significant white settler minorities revolted
-Lots of support for liberation

Mau Mau

-Kenya
-Sparked after a protest in Kikuyu
-Wealthy coffee planters claimed Africans were not ready for self-government
-Violence broke out in 1952 and British resettled Kikuyu

Kenya independence

-1961 Kenyatta negotiated with British
-1964 Kenyatta became President of the Republic of Kenya

Conference in Brazzaville 1944

-Charles de Gaulle promised more democratic government, broader suffrage, greater access to employment, and better education and health services
-Independence never mentioned since France depended on Troops

Guinea Independence

-Led by Sekou Toure
-Gained full independence in 1958

Belgian Congo independence

-Very chaotic and violent because of civil war
-Mobuto Sese Seko gained power 1965 in a military coup where first prime minister was assassinated (Patrice Lumumba)

Decolonization in South Africa

-Delayed by opposition of white settlers
-Africans wanted nonracial societies and majority rule

Angola and Mozambique

-Overthrew Portugal antidemocratic government 1974
- Gained independence the next year

Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

-After 10 yr fight, European settlers accepted African majority rule

Apartheid

-South Africa and Nambia
-Gained independence but separated races
-Dutch and English descendants made up 13% of population but controlled everything
-Created African homelands to segregate indigenous Africans

African National Congress (ANC)

-Formed in 1912
-Led opposition to apartheid
-After Sharpeville, Nelson Mandela organized resistance but failed

Sharpeville 1960

-Police fired on demonstrators
-All peaceful political protests by Africans banned

Third World (nonaligned nations)

-Began with Bandung conference in 1955 and led by Indonesia's President Sukarno
-Effort by new, poor, mostly non-European nations to gain more influence in world affairs
-Goal was to extract money and support from one or both superpowers by balancing strategies

Arab-Israeli conflict

-1947 General Assembly split Palestine into two states - one Jewish and one Arab
-Palestinians resisted against Israel and lost causing 700,000 refugees
-Israel controlled Jerusalem and occupied Gaza strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

-Led by Yasir Arafat
-Waged guerrilla war against Israel

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

-Formed in 1960 by oil-producing states
-Promoted collective interest in higher revenues

Oil Crisis

-1973 surprise attacks by Syria and Egypt on Israel during Yom Kippur
-Arab oil-producing countries embargoed oil shipments to US and Netherlands as punishment for supporting Israel
-1974 OPEC quadrupled prices causing economic concerns
-In response, there was a push for more fuel efficiency

Muhammad Reza Pahlavi

-Became shah of Iran in 1941
-Supported by US, who encouraged him to grow his army

Argo opening

Iranians upset that west was getting involved and overthrowing the government they set up

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

-Shi'ite philosopher-cleric
-Became leader of opposition and eventually leader of Islamic Republic of Iran
-Imposed religious control over legislation and public behavior

US hostages in Tehran 1979

-Iranian radicals seized US embassy
-Held 52 diplomats hostage for 444 days

Saddam Husain

-Ruled Iraq
-Invaded Iran to topple Islamic Republic
-Wanted to prevent Iran's revolutionary Shi'ite leaders from infecting his own country

Soviet Union in Afghanistan

-1978 Soviet Union sent to support communist regime with only condition being they had to create a communist government
-US, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan support Afghan rebels causing Soviets to withdraw in 1989
-1994 Radical Sunni fundamentalists Taliban regime

Muhammad Umar

-Led Sunni fundamentalists in 1994
-Called Commander of the Faithful
-Restricted all values that US wanted to impose

Post WWII Japan

-1946 constitution limited self defense force so they couldn't protect themselves
-Cold war isolated Japan and developed economic strength
-Trade surplus prompted US and EC (European Community) to open Japan market
-Entered recession in 1990

Keiretsu

-Alliance of corporations and banks
-6 major ones in Japan

Post WWII China

-1956 PRC departed USSR politically
-Joined UN in 1971
-1976 comprehensive economic reforms

Great leap forward (China) 1958

-Maximized labor in village industries
-Mass collectivization in agriculture

Deng Xiaoping

-Foreign investments in special economic zones
-Land contrast in countryside

Tiananmen Square 1989

-Chinese students and intellectuals led protests for more democracy and an end to corruption
-Hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered and refused to leave
-Tanks sent into the square killing and arresting people

Asian Tigers South Korea

-Inexpensive labor
-Strong technical education
-Substantial domestic capital reserves
-Giant corporations

Asian Tigers Taiwan

-Smaller, more specialized companies
-Investment in PRC
-Biggest computer chip manufacturer

Asian Tigers Singapore

-Port, banking, and commercial services
-Textile and electronic industries

Asian Tigers Hong Kong

-Port, banking and commercial services
-Integrated with PRC in 1997

Newly Industrialized Economics (NIE)

-New industrial nations including Asian Tigers
-Rapid industrialization
-Very high economic growth
-Shaken by financial crises in 1997

Women in pre-modern Islamic society

-Quranic debates over gender equality
-Sharia (women seclusion) including concubines
-Martial patters with age difference, toleration of male homosexual relationships and contraception

Modern Islamic Society

-Intermarriage allowed
-Spread of Islam in India, Ottoman Turks
-In Iran 1970s, veil became compulsory for women

Islam in modern India (Mughal empire)

-Islamic and Hindu ideas
-Increased restrictions on women (Purdah)
-Sati for widows

Sati

-Widows die with husbands
-Cover themselves with oil and jump into the fire with ashes to show their love for their dead husband

Islam for Ottoman Turks

-Extended Islamic practices
-Women in urban areas were increasingly veiled and secluded

Women in pre-modern Africa

-Many cultures were matrilineal, had a bride price, and accepted polygamy
-African kingdoms women were viewed as a joint or co-ruler
-Muslim Africans ignored veiling and concealing dress

Africa since the 16th century

-Slave trade changed gender balance
-More young men would get kidnapped to be slaves so male population dropped significantly
-Mixed-blood
-Sexual behavior regulated to maintain racial hierarchies
-Polygamy reinforced

Colonial Africa since the 19th century

-Most slaves were women in West Africa
-African women traders became partners or wives of European traders
-Polygamous marriages from lack of labor
-Genital mutilation of young females to increase fertility
-Limited political power for women

Gender in Pre-modern East Asia

-Families served as basis of stability

Neo-Confucian movements

-Male superiority
-Disruptive power of sexuality
-Female seclusion

Foot Binding

-Began in Song Dynasty and continued until 20th century
-Requirement for marriage and process began at age 5
-Separated women and men by making them slower
-Very painful

China after 16th century

-Emphasis on filial piety and procreation of sons
-Women who didn't have a son were demoted to concubine so marriage wasn't official and men could have more than one wife
-1740 consensual homosexuality prohibited

1646 subordination of women in China

-Women can't fight rape charges since they got accused for everything
-Widows couldn't remarry if their husbands died because of how strong family was

Tokugawa period

-Samurai had ideals of discipline and self control
-Trial wife - first year of marriage is a trial period to see if women have a son
-Women can't remarry if marriage is deemed invalid - become female entertainers (geisha) and prostitutes for Samurai
-Men can only have one wife

20th century China women

-Modern education, legal status and political rights
-Foot binding banned

Women in Westernized Japan

-Tokyo women's reform society 1886
-1901 Greater Japan women's patriotic association
-Push to get rid of gender differences (like clothing) and more protection for women

Gender structure in communist China

-One-child family in cities, one or two in countryside for population control
-Still belief that women should have boys which led to lots of aborted babies and orphaned girls
-Foreigners' adoption - wealthy men buy young girls from country/rural areas to raise as future daughter in law
-Women become a commodity and marriage is no longer for love

Globalization

-Meant to reduce global diversity and increase local diversity at the same time
-Integrating nations and people into larger global communities with open borders
-Promotes convergence, harmonization, efficiency, democratization, and homogenization

Cultural imperialism (globalism)

-Promotion of consumption and cultural conformity
-McDonalds located everywhere
-Foreign countries have to learn English alphabet and spelling but Americans don't have to learn foreign languages

Militarization in Islamic and African world

-Military spending increased in Persian Gulf 1990s
-Middle east is chief market for international armaments sale