pdh prelim core 2

Types of Bones

Long, Flat, Short, Irregular, Sesamoid

Examples of Short Bones

Carpals, Tarsals, Metacarpals, Metatarsals

Examples of Long Bones

Humerus, Femur

Examples of Irregular Bones

Vertebrae, Scapula

Superior

Towards the head

Inferior

Towards the feet

Functions of Skeletal System

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Blood Cell Production, Storage of Energy

Anterior

Towards the front

Posterior

Towards the back

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Towards the side of the body

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between the bones at the joint

Extension

A movement that increases the angle between the bones at the joint

Abduction

The movement of a body part away from the midline

Adduction

The movement of a body part towards the midline

Inversion

Rotation of the foot to make the sole face inwards

Eversion

Rotation of the foot to make the sole face outwards

Rotation

Moving a body part around on its long axis

Circumduction

The circular movement of a body part eg. circling arm in cricket bowl

Pronation

Rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the palm to face downwards

Supination

Rotation of the hand and forearm that causes the palm to face upwards

Dorsiflexion

Flexion of the ankle

Plantarflexion

Extension of the ankle i.e. pointing the toe

Types of Joints

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

Articular Cartilage

Tissue that covers the surface of bones in a synovial joint

Synovial Fluid

Fluid within a joint that lubricates and nourishes the articular cartilage

Tendon

Fibrous cord of dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Ligament

Dense connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Types of Synovial Joint

Hinge, Ball and Socket

Types of Muscle Fibres

Slow Twitch, Fast Twitch

Agonist

The muscle doing most of the work in a movement

Antagonist

The muscle relaxing or lengthening to allow movement of the paired muscle

Stabiliser

A muscle that assists the agonist with a movement

Types of Muscle Contraction

Isometric, Concentric, Eccentric

Isometric Muscle Contraction

The muscles contracts and no movement is produced. The length of the muscle does not change. eg. the biceps in a flexed arm hang

when the muscle fibres are activated and develop force

Concentric Muscle Contraction

The muscle shortens as it contracts. eg. the lifting of the weight in a bicep curl

Functions of the Respiratory System

Allow us to breathe, exchange of gases

Structures of the Respiratory System

Nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx (Throat), Larynx (Voice Box), Trachea (Windpipe), Bronchi, Alveoli, Lungs

Nasal cavity

Contains hairs that filter and clean the air entering the body.

Pharynx (Throat)

Connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx. It is a pathway for both food and air.

Trachea (Windpipe)

Connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs. Cilia in the lining expel dust and foreign particles.

Bronchi

There is a bronchus for each lung. Once inside the lung, this divides further into smaller branches or bronchioles.

Alveoli

The small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. The chambers where gaseous exchange occurs.

Lungs

The structures of the body responsible for external gas exchange.

Process of Inspiration (Inhaling)

1. The diaphragm contracts.
2. The ribs move to increase the volume of the chest cavity.
3.The air pressure within the lungs decreases, causing air to rush into the lungs.

Process of Expiration (Exhaling)

1. The diaphragm relaxes.
2. The ribs and other structures return to their resting positions.
3.The volume of the chest cavity is decreased, increasing the air pressure within the lungs and forcing air out.

Internal Gas Exchange

Oxygen diffuses into the cells from the capillaries eg. into muscle tissue, and CO2 then takes its place in the blood so it can be returned to the lungs to be exhaled.

Functions of the Circulatory System

Transports nutrients, blood, hormones and waste products around the body.

Structures of the Circulatory System

Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels

Functions of Blood

- Transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs around the body
- Protection from bleeding to death (via clotting), protection from disease
- Regulate body temperature

Components of Blood

Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets, Plasma

Red Blood Cells

Contain oxygen-carrying pigment called haemoglobin.

White Blood Cells

Combat infection and inflammation.

Platelets

Involved in the process of clotting, and help repair slightly damaged blood vessels.

component of blood responsible for clotting

Plasma

Liquid component of blood. Carries nutrients, proteins, hormones, waste etc. mainly consisting of water (about 90 per cent)

Structures of the Heart

Left and right atria - receive the blood into the heart
Left and right ventricles - responsible for pumping blood away from the heart

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Arteries

Large blood vessels with thick, muscular walls. Transport blood away from the heart.

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels in the body with very thin walls. Connect arteries to veins.

they function to exchange oxygen and nutrients for waste

Types of Circulation

Pulmonary, Systemic

Pulmonary Circulation

Circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. Controlled by the right side of the heart.

Systemic Circulation

Circulation of blood from the heart to every body part and then back to the heart. Controlled by the left side of the heart.

Blood Pressure

The pressure in the arteries of blood pumped from the heart into the body.
Measured with a sphygmomanometer as Systolic over Diastolic.

Health-related Components of Physical Fitness

Cardio-respiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength, Muscular Endurance, Flexibility, Body Composition

Skill-related Components of Physical Fitness

Power, Speed, Agility, Coordination, Balance, Reaction Time

Cardio-respiratory Endurance

The circulatory and respiratory system's ability to supply oxygen to the working muscles (and remove CO2 and waste) during sustained exercise.

Muscular Strength

The ability to exert force against a resistance in a single maximal effort.

Muscular Endurance

The ability of the muscles to sustain or repeat an effort over a period of time.

Flexibility

The capacity of a joint or muscle to move through its full range of motion.

Body Composition

Refers to the overall weight and size of an athlete and the proportion of that weight that is made up of fat and lean body mass (muscle & bone.)

Power

The ability to combine strength and speed in an explosive action.

Speed

The ability to perform body movements quickly.

Agility

The ability to change direction rapidly with minimal loss of speed or balance.

Coordination

The ability to move two or more body parts under control, smoothly and efficiently in order to perform a motor task.

Balance

The ability to control our centre of gravity while either stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance.)

Reaction Time

The time taken to respond to a stimulus and initiate a response (i.e. a muscle movement.)

Aerobic Training

Training that requires the use of oxygen to produce the body's fuel (ATP.)

Anaerobic Training

Training that does not require oxygen to produce the body's fuel (ATP. ) Lactic acid may be a by product.

FITT Principle

Frequency - How often exercise occurs.
Intensity - How much effort is put into the exercise.
Type - The type of exercise undertaken.
Time - The length of each training session.

Immediate Physiological Responses to Training

Heart Rate, Ventilation Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac Output, Lactate Levels

Heart Rate

Number of times the heart beats per minute. Calculation for Max Heart Rate \= 220 - Age

Ventilation Rate

Breaths per minute. Rate and depth of breathing increases with exercise.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood pumped in one contraction of the heart.

Cardiac Output

Total amount of blood pumped from the heart in 1 minute.
CO \= Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Lactate Levels

The amount of lactic acid in the bloodstream. Increases with intense physical exercise.

body mass index (BMI)

the most common method of determining whether a person's weight fits into a healthy range. It is calculated by dividing their weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared.

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute

circulatory system

comprises the heart, arteries, blood and veins; a network that distributes blood containing oxygen and nutrients and collects wastes.

cartilaginous or slightly movable joint

a joint that permits limited movement, for example, in the vertebral column, where fibrous cartilage between discs allows a limited range of movement

diastolic pressure

the minimum or lowest pressure recorded when the heart is relaxing and filling (diastole)

eccentric muscle contraction

contraction that occurs when the muscle lengthens while under tension. The action often happens with the assistance of gravity. eg. the lowering of the weight in a biceps curl

expiration

air movement from the lungs to the atmosphere; breathing out

FITT

acronym for frequency, intensity, time and type

fibrous or immovable joint

a joint where no movement is possible, for example, the bones of the cranium, which are fused in lines called sutures

freely movable or synovial joint

joint that allows maximum movement, for example, the hip joint

insertion

the point of attachment of a muscle at the movable end. This end tends to be away from the body's main mass.

inspiration

air movement from the atmosphere into the lungs; breathing in

lactate

a salt formed from lactic acid that accumulates during intense anaerobic activity

origin

a muscle's point of attachment to the more stationary bone. In most cases, this point is nearer the trunk.

pulmonary circulation

the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart