Exam 1 Questions

quantities of growth (2)

physical, abstract

divisions of physical growth quantities

weight, height

divisions of abstract growth quantities

behavioral, cognitive, emotional

occurs over time, involves either a positive or negative change, increase in size, complexity, maturity, etc

growth

to measure growth, it must be measured at least ____

twice

increase in body mass, complexity, and development are examples of a ________ change in growth

positive

regression and atrophy are examples of a ________ change in growth

negative

why don’t we see negative growth in livestock (2)

harvested before regressing, cull breeding stock

types of growth (2)

population, organismal

human population, cell culture or bacterial population, and continues to increase are all characteristics of _________ growth

population

total growth, growth rate, fractional growth and increase then death are all characteristics of _________ growth

organismal

types of cell growth

hypertrophy, hyperplasia

_________ is characterized by cell growth in size influenced by nutrients, hormones, growth factors and environment

hypertrophy

________ is characterized by cell multiplication via mitosis

hyperplasia

the picture is displaying two types of cell growth. A is ____ . B is ________ .

hypertrophy, hyperplasia

periods of growth

early pregnancy, late pregnancy, post-natal

mostly placenta, fluids and hyperplasia of embryo are characteristics of what period of growth

early pregnancy

period(s) of growth with primarily hypertrophy as a key characteristic

late pregnancy, post-natal

the early pioneer of animal physiology, growth by priority, characterized patterns of growth (sigmoidal curve)

Sir John Hammond

planes of nutrition, discovered bone, muscle, and fat deposit differently

C.P. McMeeken

measurement from time1 to time2

total growth

ΔW = W`T2`- W`T1`

total growth

WT2 - WT1 = ΔW / time

growth rate

(T/F) organismal growth is not smooth like population growth but rather more of “stair-step” like

true

organismal growth creates a ___________ curve

S-Shaped

phases of the S-shaped curve

initial, linear, deceleration, maintenance

S-Shaped Curve. Identify the phases of A, B, C, D, E

lag, exponential, linear, diminishing growth, stationary

major contributors of growth

genetics, hormones, environment, nutrition

nutrition contribution to growth subcategories

ration quality/amount, pre/post-natal nutrition

genetic contribution to growth subcategories

breed, species, frame size, sex

hormone contribution to growth subcategories

sex hormones, adrenal gland, growth hormone, IGF

environment contribution to growth subcategories

climate, social order, pre/post-natal factors

management, hormones, physiological status, activity level, and stress level are all factors that play into the section of ________ influences of growth

health

the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger and more advanced

development

a specified state of growth or advancement

development

changes in body conformation and shape and the coordination of body process

development

acquisition of functions different from those of the original cell type, a result of altered gene expression

development

occurring over time in which the organism increases in size, complexity, maturation and general advancement of tissues

development

lower state → _______ state of complexity

higher

types of development

differentiation, morphogenesis

generation of cellular diversity

differentiation

organization of different cells to tissues

morphogenesis

tissue types in the body

nervous, epithelial, muscle, connective

2n → __*___________*__

CNS, bone, muscle, fat

we care about CNS, bone, muscle, and fat development the most in livestock because these are the ___________, which is important for the animal and consumer.

marketable parts

stages of prenatal development

ovum, embryonic, fetal

the ______ phase occurs from fertilization to implantation

ovum

the _______ phase occurs from implantation to fetal stage

embryonic

the _______ phase occurs from beginning of fetal stage to parturition

fetal

a fertilized ovum + sperm =

zygote

a process in the ovum phase where rapid cell division occurs

cleavage

T/F the ovum phase has no morphogenesis or differentiation

true

T/F cleavage has no protein synthesis

true

cleavage is an ______ in cell number, and a ______ in cell size

increase, decrease

what prevents cells going through cleavage from growing in size?

zona pellucida

a process where cells begin to differentiate. developed are a blastocoel, trophoblast layer and inner cell mass

blastulation

stage in cleavage where the zygote has reached a 32 cell limit

morula

outer cell layer of a blastula which allows for implantation and becomes the fetal portion of the placenta

trophoblast

formed during blastulation and will become the embryo

inner cell mass

the process defined by lengthening of the fetal tissues from oval → tubule → filamentous shape

elongation

what must occur before elongation

hatching

the precursor to elongation where the zona pellucida degenerates

hatching

increasing placental surface area for nutrient exchange is the purpose of this process

elongation

what species do not elongate, but continue with spherical growth?

horses and humans

T/F the conceptus is known as an embryo or fetus during implantation

false

a process occurring 1-5 weeks after fertilization dependent on the species

implantation

a process where the conceptus embeds itself into the endometrium of the uterus

implantation

what key hormone allows implantation?

progesterone

this hormone is known for its ability to maintain pregnancy, or as the hormone of pregnancy

progesterone

this hormone works by increasing the vascularity of the uterus and increasing glycogen secretions, while inhibiting muscular contractions

progesterone

this molecule is stored glucose that is used by the fetus for nutrients and energy

glycogen

in the endometrium of humans and mice, this prepares the uterus and conceptus and without it implantation can not occur. In cattle however, it is believed to be involved in cell differentiation, not implantation. Endometrial glands produce and secrete this.

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

during this process, the inner cell mass pushes to one side of the blastocyst to form an embryonic disc

implantation

term used to describe why dam allows implantation to occur

maternal recognition of pregnancy

a receptor on the maternal cytotoxic T cells

Fas

this binds to Fas and causes apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells

Fas Ligand

this is produced by trophoblasts to destroy tryptophan

Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase

this amino acid activates maternal cytotoxic T cells

tryptophan

general idea behind dam allowing implantation

limiting maternal immunity

this occurs in ruminants to effect their hormone cycle. acts on the uterine epithelium to decrease estrogen and oxytocin and in result, decrease PGF2a.

Interferon Tau

in ruminants, these are endogenous retroviruses that form the feto-maternal interface

syncytial plaques

in non-ruminants, these are endogenous retroviruses that form the feto-maternal interface

syncytiotrophoblast

this is responsible for nutrient exchange, hormone secretion and also serves an immune modulator to decrease dam’s immune system

feto-maternal interface

solid ball of cells formed as the zygote undergoes cleavage

morula

hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity

early blastocyst

pre-embryo, with the embryonic disk, two layers of cells that become the embryo proper

late blastocyst

embryo with three primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)

gastrula

this phase can be described as the formation of an embryo in hyperplastic growth with multipotent cells which will be different cell lineages

embryonic phase

these are derived from multipotent cells and will eventually form different tissues and are driven by gene expression

cell lineages

steps of this process are: implantation, gastrulation, neurulation, embryonic folding and organogenesis

embryonic phase

the formation and development of the gut is known as…

gastrulation

epiblast cells replicate to form the…

primitive streak

epiblast cells migrate toward the hypoblast to form ______.

germ layers

name the germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

a depression formed in the bilaminar disk is called the

primitive groove

the inner cell mass morphs into ______ and _____ cells

hypoblast, epiblast

the outer germ layer

ectoderm

the middle germ layer

mesoderm

the inner germ layer

endoderm

this layer will develop to form the: integument, sensory organs, oral cavity, nervous system, mammary glands, and sweat glands

ectoderm