SELU SOCIOLOGY 101 R.CASTRO TEST 1 study guide

August Comte was known as what?

The pope of Sociology

What was Comte?

An Athiest

Where did Comte live?

The midst of catholicism

What did Comte think one day sociology would do?

it would replace relgion

**What is positivism?

the belief that the world is the best understood through scientific inquiry.

What does comte think exists?

he thinks sociology exist

Comte was what kind of philosopher?

french social philosopher

what were comtes THREE stages of development of human civilization and explain them

1: theological stage: SUPERNATURAL, human condition are baed on supernatural.
2: metaphysical: abstract philosophical speculation, MAGIC
3: rational stage: positive stage, SCIENTIFIC

what does Comte argue?

without inventing religion and God no one could be moral

what are Comtes TWO functional questions about social life?

1: social dynamics
2: social statics

Comte theorized societies progressed in SEVERAL ways, what were they and explain them?

1: theological: ruled by RELIGION
2: metaphysical: ruled by PHILOSOPHY
3: positivist: ruled by SCIENCE

what did Comte help establish and what were the subjects?

he helped establish that the world could be subjective between
1: systematic investigation
2: scientific investigation

What did Hebert Spencer see society as?

an organic anaolgy

what did spencer believe in?

theory in general evolution and biological equivalent

**what is an organic analogy?

belief that societies are like organisms

what did spencer see society as?

he saw the interest of society as one organism

what is social inequality a reflection of?

natural evolutional phenomena

spencer served on ideological justification for what THREE things?

1:classism: greater social class can control the lesser social class
2: sexism: men are more superior than women
3: racism: one color is more superior than the other.

what did spencer have a central idea for?

functionalism

**what is functionalism?

what is good for the singular is good for the plural

what did spencer do?

he compared society to organisms

what is spencer's theory known as today?

Social darwinism

**what is biological equivalent?

society is made up of separate parts each with their own function but work together to sustain the entire organism

spencer believed in "survival fittest" which was a phrase from what

Natural selection

Emily Durkheim was___?

french sociologist and the most important sociologist

Durkheim believed in?

Social Cohesion (social solidarity)

Durkheim says that the manifestation of humans is?

Socially based not biologically based

**What is social facts?

conditions that exist outside the individual but don't control individuals

**what is mechanical solidarity?

social cohesion based on shared experiences and a common identity with limited individually

**what is organic solidarity?

economic independence resultant from the division of labor

**what is anomie?

social norms no longer effect guides or behavior

without anomie what happens?

theres no moral guidance

what was the first empirical study Durkheim did?

suicide

what are the indications of social cohesion?

1: survivors
2:marriage status: single is the lowest
3: employment: unemployed not connect and vise versa

what makes people commit suicide?

the more socially cohesive you are.

**What is social solidarity?

the collective bonds that connect individuals

**what is division of labor?

people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills

What kind of theorist was Karl Marx?

Conflict Theorist

**what is a conflict theorist?

a persons social class determines their "place"

**what is altruistic suicide?

to take your life to protect someone else

**what is altruistic attack?

to pretend to kill someone or something to save it

**what is social class?

large group of people unified by their similar economic circumstances.

**what is means of production?

income producing property

**what is status quo?

existing set of power arrangements

**what is marx dialect?

social change is internally iniated and inevitable as long as there are social calss

Marx was what kind of historian?

German

Marx helped us understand?

social class

what did Marx do?

define people by social class

who did Marx study under?

haigle and his dialect model

what kind of thinker was Marx?

revolutionary thinker

what did Marx combined his writing with?

political activism

what did Marx theorize?

that the exploitation of workers would eventually become so extreme it'd throw the capitalist off.

what did Marx argue about economic power?

that economic power could be used to influence others aspects of life.

Max Weber is known as a what theorist?

a german conflict theoriest

Weber fears that modern society what?

will only be able to engage in meaningful action only in large organizations.

Weber argues that culture beliefs what?

influence economic developement

Weber sometimes tries to understand ___ by doing ___?

tries to understand social action by viewing it from the perspective of the actor.

**what is sociological economic status?

combined measure of education, occupation, and income.

**what is an ethnography?

aka( field research), material conducted over long periods of time.

**what is vaber?

religion is central force that affiliated capitalism of worth western Europe.

family is where you learn how to __ and by __?

where you learn how to relate to others, talk, walk, etc.

**what is tradition?

beliefs and customs often charged with emotions

**what is rationality?

the use of reason and logical calculation to achieve a goal as efficiently as possible.

What is Talcott Parsons?

a functionalist and a conversatival

what did Parsons do that is so interesting?

1: each of us starts in family orientation
2: economic and social report

Parsons functions of adolescent rebellion are?

1: form attitudes
2: tastes
3: opinions
4: preferences

Parsons saw society as a what?

complex system made up of independent parts

what extends your youth according to Parsons?

going to school 40+ hours (college, grad school,), becoming a university teacher, or becoming a parent

**what is family orientation?

grow into adolescents and form own family of procreation.

**what is system theory?

if you cant test it, its not useful.

Parsons came up with this?

system theory

Robert Merton is a what?

Functionalist and survivability

Merton reminds us that what?

even though some phenomena are persistent they can be dysfunctional

**what is dysfunctional?

distracts from order

**what is manifest functions?

over intended function of institutions

**what is latent functions?

unregularly functions (overlooked) (ignored)

**what is culture?

consists of everything that humans make know and share tangible or intangible

**what is artifact?

everything a human creates

**what is material culture?

tangible artifacts that people in a society produce, utilize, and share.

**what is cultural universal?

phenomena we find in any culture from a functionalism perspective believe that cultural universal must be functional for society

**what is non material culture?

abstract, intangible human creations that influence and effect peoples behaviors

**what is pyramid of non material culture?

characteristics common to ALL cultures

What is the pyramid of non material culture from top to bottom?

laws
mores/folkways
norms
values
beliefs
language
symbols

**what is functional?

contributing to balance, order, and stability of a society; and to the survivability of a society as a whole.

Merton says that culture gives us a sense of ___?

a sense of continuity with the past and if its always changing.

**what is cultural diffusion?

make reference to when elements of one culture is found in another.

**what is cultural imperialism?

attempting to build an empire

**what is transvaluation?

particular phenomena that means one thing and overtime it changes.

**what is culture lag-time?

the period between material cultural changes and non material cultural changes.

**what is cultural interversal?

nomina found in all cultures functional

**what is cultural relativism?

judging another culture on its own norms, values, and standards.

**what is high culture?

activities, art forms, sports, entertainment, etc. that are assumed to appeal only the elite.

**what is popular culture?

activities, art forms, sports, entertainment, etc. that are assumed to appeal to the middle, working class.

**what is subcultural?

distinctive group sharing beliefs and views that differ from those of a larger society.

**what is cultural shock?

disruption that people feel when they're around another culture that isn't there own.

Pierre Bourdieu believed in what theory?

Cultural Capital Theory

Bourdieu says that high culture is___

high culture is employed by elites to accomplish an exclusionary function to ensure "endogamy"

Charles Horton Cooley invented what?

looking through glass self

Cooley is also a what?

reflexivity

Cooley states our interactions with others involve THREE steps that forge our sense of self, what are they and describe them?

1: look in mirror (what we think we see)
2: go into public (what others think of us)
3: form a self concept (without human contact)