anatomy muscle brain test

saltatory

myelinated neurons perform this type of conduction of their action potential

neurotransmitter

an action potential is passed across a synapse from one neuron to another with the help of this

interneuron

a neuron located within the central nervous system

noreponephrine

primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic

division of the nervous system that stimulates the digestive system

multiple sclerosis

disease of the nervous system characterized by the degeneration of the myelin sheath on neurons

sulci

grooves in the cerebral cortex

repolarization

the exit of potassium ions from the neuron creates this phase of an action potential

temporal lobe

area of the cerebral cortex that houses the primary auditory area

schwann cells

cells that cover the axon of a motor neuron

dendrite

part of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons

tract

a bundle of neurons in the CNS

longitudinal fissue

separates the right and left halves of the cerebral cortex

central

brain and spinal cord make up this division of the nervous system

meninges

three layers of membranes surrounding the central nervous system

autonomic

division of the nervous system sending signals to effectors in homeostatic processes

diencephalon

area of the brain containing the hypothalamus, pineal gland, and hippocampus

medulla oblongata

area of the brain that controls several vital reflexes;

afferent

incoming information from receptors comes to the CNS by this division of the peripheral nervous system

threshold

whether a neuron generates an action potential depends on whether it reaches this potential

cerebellum

2 lobed structure in the base of the brain at the back

gyri

ridges of the cerebral cortex

primary somasensory area and primary motor area

areas of control on either side of the central sulcus

insula

small lobe deep to the lateral sulcus

lobes of the cerebellum

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

dendrites (in position)

the multiple extentions from the hub

cell body

central hub has the nucleus

nodes of ranvier

gaps between the extra cells

brain stem

extends to spinal cord

axon

single prominent extension from the hub

schwann cells

the additional cells wrapped around the axon

sensory receptor

component that detects the stimulus

sensory neuron

takes the signal to the spinal cord

interneuron

in the connector at the spinal cord

motor neuron

takes the signal away from the spinal cord

effector

is the component that executes the response to the initial stimulus

Parasympathetic Division

the division of the nervous system that slows activity in all systems except digestive

Central nervous System

the division of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

the division of the nervous system composed of the spinal and cranial nerves

Sympathetic Nervous System

the nervous system division that accelerates activity in all systems except digestive

Afferent Nervous System

division that brings information to the CNS

Nerve

bundles of neurons in the peripheral nervous system

Somatic Nervous System

division that carries voluntary commands to the effectors

Autonomic nervous system

carries involuntary commands to the effectors

efferent nervous system

sends info out from the CNS

interneuron

transmits impulse from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron

dendrite

neuron part w branches that conducts impulse towards the cell body

ascending tracts

posterior white matter of the spinal cord

Sensory neuron

transmits impulse to the CNS from receptors

Myelin

lipoprotien substance of schwann cell

Motor neuron

transmits impulse from CNS to effectors

Descending Tract

anterior white matter of the spinal cord

axon

neuron part that conducts impulse away from the cell body

Neuroglia

additional cells of the nervous system that supports the function of the neurons

Resting Potential

the charge of a neuron at rest

EPSP

a signal that has a depolarizing influence on a neuron

IPSP

a signal that has a hyperpolarizing influence on a neuron

Threshold Potential

the charge needed at a neuron in order for it to generate a signal

voltage-gated channel

controls the passage of ions across the cell membrane

Sodium ions

move into the neuron to cause it to depolarize

Potassium ions

move out of a neuron to cause it to repolarize

Action Potential

the signal generated by the neuron

Saltatory conduction

transmission of a signal down a myelinated axon

neurotransmitter

allows the signal from one neuron to be transmitted to another neuron

Sodium-Potassium Pump

allows the neuron to reset after sending a signal

Pineal Gland

attached to upper portion of diencephalon, regulates body’s daily rhythms

Corpus callosum

connects the cerebral hemispheres

Temporal Lobe

location of the primary auditory complex

Central Sulcus

separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Midbrain

part of brain stem between diencephalon and pons; relay for tracts between cerebrum and spinal cord/cerebellum

wernicke's area

general interpretive area

cerebellum

usues sensory info to refine and coordinate muscle activity

medulla oblongata

area of brainstem with primary respiratory control and various reflex centers

Diencephalon

contains thalamus and hypothalamus

Occipital Lobe

location of the primary visual cortex

Cerebral Cortex

outer apparent layer of gray matter characterized by ridges and grooves

Hippocampus

area of the brain responsible for establishing long term memory

Broca's area

motor speech area

Hypothalamus

area of the brain with control over many endocrine responses and thermoregulation

Meninges

protective membranes surrounding the CNS

calcium

released by the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

insertion

the moving usually distal attatchment of the muscle

multinucleanated

a unique feature of skeletal muscle fibers not found in cardiac or smooth muscles

EPOC

the acronym describing the extra oxygen consumption following an excercise session

myosin

the thick filament of a muscle fiber

gastrocnemius

large calf muscle

ATP-PC

the quickest system for creating energy for muscle work

hypertrophy

the increase in size of a muscle fiber

tropomyosin

covers the binding sites on actin while at rest

deltiod

primary abductor of the shoulder

fascicle

muscles are made up of bundles of fibers called this

sacromere

contractile unit of a myofibril, between two Z-lines

agonist

the muscle that is the primary mover for a given joint action

slow twitch

these muscle fibers are very aerobic and hard to fatigue

motor end plate

area of the sarcolemma that associates with the axon at the neuromuscular junction

acetylchlorine

neurotransmitter released by the motor neuron to stimulate the muscle fiber

hamstrings

group of three muscles that flex the knee

sarcolemma

the cell membrane of a muscle fiber

motor unit

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

summation

the process of quickly, repeatedly, stimulating the muscle fiber so the tension of a twitch can build upon the tension from the previous twitch