Exploration of Music Exam 4

Dates of the Romantic Period

1820-1900 (early 19th century)

Dates of the American Civil War

1861-1865

What did the romantic, cultural movement stress

emotion, imagination, and individuality

Romanticism was a rebellion against....

the neoclassicism of the 18th century and the age of reason

Romantic music puts unprecedented emphasis on...

self-expression and individuality of style

Countless songs and operas glorify....

romantic love

the romantics explored a universe of feeling that included...

flamboyance and intimacy, unpredictability and melancholy, rapture and longing

_____________ ________________ was expressed when romantic composers deliberately created music with a specific national identity, using the _________,_______,______,____________________

Musical nationalism, folk songs, dances, legends, and history of their homeland

The 19th century was the great age of

Program music

This was instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene

Program music

The nonmusical element of program music is usually specified by a title or by explanatory comments called

A program

Never before the romantic period had what been so important

Timbre (tone color)

True or False: The romantic orchestra was larger and more varied in tone color than the classical orchestra

True

How many musicians were usually included in a romantic orchestra

100 musicians (20-60 players in the classical ensemble)

Romantic composers ___________ the power of the brass section

increased, calling for trombones, tubas, and more horns and trumpets

What woodwind instruments became regular parts of the romantic orchestra

contrabassoon, bass clarinet, English horn, and piccolo

What was the favorite instrument of the romantic age

Piano with a cast-iron frame to hold the strings under greater tension

This uses chords containing tones not found in the prevailing major or minor scale

Chromatic harmony

What kind of chords were used more freely in the romantic era than during the classical era

dissonant or unstable chords

True or False: Romantic music calls for a wide range of dynamics

True

What two extreme dynamics were used in the romantic period

ffff and pppp

Romantic composers wrote mainly for who

a middle-class audience whose size and prosperity had increased because of the industrial revolution

the 19th century public was captivated by what

virtuosity

Who were two highly acclaimed musical "heros" of the 1830s

pianist Franz Liszt and violinist Niccolo Paganini

What was Niccolo Paganini suspected of doing

selling his soul to darkness in exchange for his talents

Niccolo Paganini lived extravagantly. What disease did he contract and how was it treated

Syphilis; with mercury and opium

This was a composition for solo voice and piano and was one of the most distinctive forms in romantic music

The art song

The earliest master of the romantic art song whose income came entirely from musical composition

Franz Schubert

This composer spent most of his time in cafes or parties where only his music was played

Franz Schubert

This song tells of a father riding on horseback through a storm with his sick child in his arms

Erlkonig (The Erlking)

In The Erlking, the piano's relentless ________ rhythm unifies the episodes of the song and suggests _________

triplet; horse's gallop

This composer was a handsome, magnetic, incredible showman, that was irresistible to women, and a pacesetter in musical history

Franz Liszt

___________ (composer) was determined to become the _________ of the piano, practicing 8-12 hours per day and eventually made piano transcriptions of ________ violin pieces

Liszt; Paganini; Paganini's

Which composer went to Rome to pursue religious studies and took minor holy orders? What was his religious name

Franz Liszt; Abbe Liszt

What happened during some of Franz Liszt's concerts

He would break the piano and would pick up where he left off on the new piano he was given

What was Tchaikovsky's most famous piece

1812 Overture - to commemorate the defense of Russia from invading French armies led by Napolean Bonaparte

Modest Musorgsky, a Russian composer, was best known for what piece

Pictures at an Exhibition

Modest Musorgsky was good friends with Russian painter and architect _______

Victor Hartman

Pictures at an Exhibition had how many short pieces for solo piano

10

Composer Maurice Ravel took Musorgskys's 10 pieces for solo piano and did what with them

Expanded them for a full symphony orchestra

What marked the 20th century

Extremes of violence and progress

True or False: The years following 1900 saw more fundamental changes in the language of music than any time since the beginning of the baroque era

True

In the 20th century there was an expansion in the vocabulary sounds especially ____________________ sounds

Percussive

From the 1600s - 1900s was called what

The common practice era

During the 20th century, what became a more important element of music than it ever was before

tone color (tambre)

In 20th century music, noiselike and percussive sounds are often used and instruments are played at in what ranges

At the very top or bottom of their ranges

What type of instruments became prominent and numerous in the 20th century, often calling for things like typewriters, sirens, automobile brake drums

Percussion

Up until 1900, chords were divided into what types? What happened to these types of chords at the turn of the century?

consonant and dissonant; they were abandonded

One traditional chord next to another is called....

A polychord

A chord made up of tones only a half step or a whole step apart and how is it produced

Tone cluster; by striking a group of adjacent keys with the fist or forearm

The use of two or more keys at one time is called

polytonality

When only two different keys are used at once it is called

bitonality

The absence of tonality or key

atonality

The rhythmic vocab in the 20th century was expanded with emphasis on

irregularity and unpredictability

What is characteristic of twentieth century music

Rapidly changing meters

Two or more contrasting, independent rhythms at the same is called

Polyrhythm

This is no longer tied to traditional chords or to keys and may be based on a wide variety of scales, or it may freely use all twelve chromatic tones and have no tonal center

Melody

Since the 1900s, what has brought a wider variety of music to more people than ever before

Electronics; radio, film, tv, web, cell phones, cd players

True or False: In the 20th century, women were still not included in the music world

False; White and African American women became prominent as composers, soloists, and music educators

What colorfully depicts the joys of life and beauties of nature but were seen as formless collections of tiny colored patches in the 1870s

impressionist paintings

What were impressionist painters primarily concerned with

Effects of light, color, and atmosphere with impermanence, change, and fluidity

This French impressionist composer linked the romantic era with the 20th century and took what was happening in impressionist movement in painting and translated it to music

Claude Debussy

Debussy's stress on _____________,_______________, and ______________ is characteristic of impressionism in music

tone color, atmosphere and fluidity

Debussy's treatment of ____________ was a revolutionary aspect of musical impressionism

harmony

When which ballet had its premiere, a riot erupted in the audience because spectator were outraged by its pagan primitive, harsh, dissonance percussiveness, and pounding rhythms

The Rite of Spring

Stravinsky's ballet, The Rite of Spring fired the imagination of many composers because of it's.......

harsh dissonances, percussive orchestration, rapidly changing meters, violent offbeat accents, and ostinatos

What was a vital structural element in The Rite of Spring that it was almost independent of melody and harmony

Rhythm

Claude Debussy's most famous piece is

Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun

Much of the music from the 20th century reflects an artistic movement that stressed intense, subjective motion called what?

Expressionism

What grew out of the same intellectual climate as Freud's studies of hysteria and the unconscious

Expressionism

Expressionist painters, writers and composers explored __________ ____________ rather than outward appearances. This was used to communicate the tensions and anguish of the human psyche

Inner feelings

Expressionistic works all stress harsh ________________ and __________________ and exploit extreme registers and unusual instrumental effects

Dissonance and fragmentation

Who was born in Vienna and was an almost entirely self-taught musician

Arnold Schoenberg

What revolutionary step did Arnold Schoenberg take? What kind of music did he begin writing?

He abandoned the traditional tonal system; atonal music

The absence of a key

Atonality

Pierrot lunaire and other works by Schoenberg call for an unusual style of vocal performance called what

Sprechstimme

Speech-voice/halfway between speaking and singing

Sprechstimme

Schoenberg developed a more systematic method of organizing atonal music. What did he call it?

The method of composing with twelve tones

A 20th century alternative to tonality, a new way of organizing pitch in a composition

Twelve-tone system

The ordering or unifying idea of the twelve tone composition is called ________ and does what

tone row, set or series; prevents any tone from receiving too much emphasis

This piece was a cycle of 21 songs for female voice and an ensemble of 5 musicians who play eight instruments. This was a revolutionary masterpiece that profoundly influenced 20th century music

Pierrot Lunaire or Moonstruck Pierrot

This was based on weird poems written by Albert Giraud and translated by Otto Erich Hartleben. The character is clown character who represented an isolated modern artist and was a favorite subject for artists, writers, and musicians

Pierrot lunaire

Expressionists believe that art should reflect.......

the inner consciousness of its creator

"A major feature of the expressionist style is a restructuring of external reality through......." Where is this quote from?

purposeful exaggeration; Harvard Dictionary of Music

How would you read:
Prime
Inversion
Retrograde
Retrograde Inversion

Prime - left to right
Inversion - top to bottom
Retrograde - right to left
Retrograde Inversion - bottom to top

The most important aspect of each row of the 12 tone matrix is that all notes are.....

only heard once

The primary goal of 12 tone composition is......

A complete absence of tonality is paramount

Who was the leading American composer and conductor of band music in the 19th century

John Philip Sousa

George Gershwin was an.....

American composer

Gershwin's most famous composition, a one-movement work for piano and orchestra

Rhapsody in Blue

The flowering of African American culture was sometimes called what

The Harlem Renaissance

The first composition by a black composer to be performed by a major American symphony orchestra was what and who was it by

Afro-American Symphony by William Grant Still

Who was the first African American to conduct a major symphony orchestra - the Los Angeles Philharmonic

William Grant Still

Who was a leading nationalistic American composer born in Brooklyn

Aaron Copland

What elements did Copland use in his music? (Fill in the blank question)

Jazz, revival hymns, cowboy songs, and other folk tunes

What theme did Copland's music focus on?

Bandits and Wild west outlaws

Who was considered England's greatest composer since Henry Purcell?

Ralph Vaughn Williams

What did Ralph Vaughn Williams enlists as in WWI

a private in the Royal Army Medical Corps as a stretcher bearer

What was the second job Vaughn Williams had in WWI and what happened because of that job

an artillery garrison; he suffered great hearing loss

What movie did Vaughn Williams compose music to

Scott of the Antarctic