Unit 6

Ecumene

is a variety of community types with a range of population densities. As humans increasingly settled in permanent locations, classifications of settlements emerged: • Rural areas (farms and villages) with low concentrations of people • Urban areas (cities) with high concentrations of people • Suburbs that are primarily residential areas near cities

Settlement

t is a place with a permanent human population. The first agricultural settlements appeared around 12,000 years ago. Before that, people survived by hunting and gathering, so they lived in temporary or movable shelters. "Ihe first permanent settlements were small enough that the inhabitants could all farm and subsist on the surrounding fields

Urbanization

, an ongoing process that does not end once a city is formed. Urbanization also involves the causes and effects of existing cities' growth. Describing a region as urbanized indicates that cities are present there.

Percent Urban

associated

with regions, countries, and even continents is percent urban—an indicator of

the proportion of the population that lives in cities and towns as compared to

those that live in rural areas.

City State

consisted of an urban center (the city) and its surrounding territory and agricultural villages. A city-state had its own political system and functioned independently from other city-states. The population in the surrounding villages and territory received services and protection from the urban center. These communities were often raided by other groups for their wealth. As a result, defense was a primary consideration, and military leaders evolved into political rulers, or kings

Site

describes the characteristics at the immediate location—for example, physical features, climate, labor force, and human structures.

Situation

refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and its connectivity to other places. Examples would include near a gold mine, on the coast, or by the railroad. Important factors of site and situation today are different than past cities

urban hearth,

area generally associated with defensible sites and river valleys in which seasonal floods and fertile soils allowed for an agricultural surplus: • the Tigris-Euphrates Valley (Mesopotamia) in modern Iraq • the Nile River Valley and Nile Delta in modern Egypt • the Indus River Valley in modern Pakistan • the Huang-He floodplain in modern China

Urban Area

is usually defined as a central city

plus land developed for commercial, industrial, or residential purposes, and

includes the surrounding suburbs.

metropolitan area/ metro area

A collection of adjacent cities economically connected, across which population

density is high and continuous

metropolitan statistical area

consists ofa city ofat least 50,000 people,

the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of

social and economic integration, or connection, with the urban core

,

micropolitan statistical areas

are cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but

less than 50,000), the county in which they are located, and surrounding

counties with a high degree of integration.

Nodal Region

focal point in a matrix of

connections.

Morphology

physical characteristics, such as the buildings, streets,

public places, and home, can also describe an urban area:

\-The built-up area is where the landscape has a high concentration of

people and structures.

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\-The places where built-up areas begin to give way to open spaces and

underdeveloped areas are the outskirts of the city.

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\-This end of the continuously built-up area is often considered an urban

border, whether or not it coincides with a legally defined city boundary.

Social heterogeneity

meaning that the population of

cities, as compared to other areas, contains a greater variety of people. Diversity

in cultural interests, sexual orientations, languages spoken, professional

pursuits, and other characteristics are present in cities to a much larger degree

than in small towns or rural areas.

Immigration

One reason cities are diverse is because they are centers of

immigration. For example, in several large cities around the world, 40 percent

or more of the population is foreign born. Among these are Miami and San

Jose in the United States, Toronto and Vancouver in Canada, and Sydney and

Melbourne in Australia.

Diversity

Because of the higher population density and the relative

anonymity ofcities, urban residents are generally more accustomed to diversity

than are people in non-urban areas. Walking through the streets of cities

such as New York, London, or Amsterdam, one can see signs in numerous

languages, restaurants that serve food from around the world, and buildings

representing many religious traditions. Such diversity is less common in more

sparsely populated areas.

Time- Space compression

urban growth.

The development of the Internet—to transport ideas rather than people—has

allowed more and more people to work from home, which has increased the

distance people can live from the center ofa city.

Borchert's transportation model

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describes urban growth based on transportation technology. Each new form of

technology produced a new system that changed how people moved themselves

and goods in and between urban areas.

Sail-Wagon 1790-1830

\n • Water ports became very important.

• Poor road conditions made long-distance

travel between cities difficult.

\n Iron Horse 1830-1870

\n Steam engines powered boats, which

promoted the growth of river cities.

• Regional rail networks connected cities.

• Rail lines connected resources and

industrial sites.

\n Steel Rail 1870-1920

\n • Transcontinental railways emerged.

• Cities emerged along rail lines in the

interior of continents.

uto-Air-Amenity 1920-1970

Cars allowed cities to spread out.

• Airport hubs emerged.

• Cities became far more interconnected.

Pedestrian cities

or cities shaped by the distances people could walk.

A horse-and-buggy

era

allowed for city size to increase as people could move farther from the

center and its concentration of services and jobs.

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Streetcar suburbs

communities that grew up along rail lines, emerged, often

creating a pinwheel shaped city.

Communication in Cities

In the

early 2000s, cities that lagged in building new communication infrastructure fell

behind cities that were on the cutting edge of technology, like Tokyo, Chicago,

London, and New York City. Today, advanced communication networks are

essential to attract large corporations, factories, or high-tech companies to an

urban area in order to encourage further economic growth. In 2020, according

to U.S. News &World Report, the city with the best communication network (or

smart city) was Singapore.

Suburbanization

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involves the process of people moving, usually from cities, to residential areas

on the outskirts of cities.

Sprawl

is the rapid expansion of the spatial extent of a city and occurs for numerous

reasons:

• growth of suburbs

• lower land costs in suburbs compared to inner cities

• lower density single family housing

• weak planning laws

Leap- frog development

where developers purchase land and build communities beyond

the periphery of the city's built area. As a result of sprawl, the urban footprint

of American cities, such as Atlanta, grew larger than those of more populated

cities in other regions of the world.

boomburgs

, are rapidly growing communities (over

10 percent per 10 years), have a total population of over 100,000 people, and

are not the largest city in the metro area.

Edge Cities

which are

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities.

counter-

urbanization or deurbanization.

residents leaving cities

Exurbs

the prosperous residential districts beyond the suburbs. Contributing

to exurbanism is the ability of people to work remotely via technology, which removes the need to commute.

reurbanization

as some suburbanites return to live in

the city

Megacities

have a

population ofmore than 10 million people.

Metacities

\n sometimes called hypercities, are defined in two ways:

• continuous urban area with a population greater than 20 million people

• attributes ofa network of urban areas that have grown together to form a

larger interconnected urban system

megalopolis

goes back to the early 1900s and describes a chain of

connected cities. It became more common after 1961, when French geographer

Jean Gottman used it to describe the continuously developed string of cities

from Boston—through New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore—to

Washington, DC. The "Bos-Wash Corridor" now includes nearly 50 million

residents.

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conurbation

an uninterrupted urban area made of towns, suburbs, and cities.

cities crossed state boundaries and exceeded the definition ofa metropolitan

area, which is focused on a single, urban center. Gottman noted that, although

legally the major cities remained separate, they and their suburbs had become

a single region that had taken on some characteristics ofa single, massive city.

World cities

that exert

influence far beyond their national boundaries.

Urban Hierarchy

or

ranking, based on influence or population size. (See Topic 6.4.) For a city to

be influential, it must have connectivity, or be connected to regional, national,

and global networks. World cities operate on a global scale but also have

connectivity to smaller cities within a country's urban system.

Nodal Cities

command centers on a regional and occassionally national

level. Cities like Denver, Phoenix, or Minneapolis are not as influential as

world cities but possess significant power within a region of the country. %ese

cities will have some corporate headquarters and numerous regional offices

for transnational companies, while they also serve as major entertainment,

cultural, and economic centers within their regions.

Urban system

an interdependent set of cities that interact on the

regional, national, and global scale.

Rank size rule

describes one way in which the sizes of cities within a region

may develop. It states that the nth largest city in any region will be l/n the size of

the largest city. That is, that the rank ofa city within an urban system will predict

the size of the city.the third-largest city in a system that exhibits the

rank-size distribution would be approximately one-third the size of the largest city.

Higher-order services

are usually expensive,

need a large number of people to support, and are only occasionally utilized.

Examples include major sports teams, large malls, luxury car dealerships, and

large specialized research hospitals.

Lower-order services

are usually less

expensive than higher-order services, require a small population to support,

and are used on a daily or weekly basis. Examples include gas stations, local

grocery stores, or small restaurants.

Primate city

is more

developed than other cities in the system, and consequently, disproportionately

more powerful. Primate cities are the social, political, and economic hub for the

system and offer a wider range of services than do the many smaller cities.

Gravity model

states that larger and closer places will have more interactions

than places that are smaller and farther from each other. "Ihis model can be used

to predict the flow of workers, shoppers, vacationers, migrants, information, mail,

products, economic activity, and nearly any other flow between cities.

Central place theory

explain the distribution ofcities of different sizes across a region. "Ihe

model used consumer behavior related to purchasing goods and services to explain

the distribution of settlements.

Central Place

as a location

where people go to receive goods and services.

Market Area

zone that contains people who will purchase goods or

services, surrounds each central place.

hexagonal hinterlands

because this shape was a compromise

between a square—in which people living in the corners would be farther from the central place

Threshold

The size of population necessary for any particular service to exist and

remain profitable

Range

The distance people will travel to obtain specific goods or services

Disadvantages of Central Place Theory

it assumes a flat, featureless plain. It does

not take into account the effects of natural landscapes of rivers, mountains, or

other barriers on the distribution of cities. Nor does it consider the influence

of transportation systems (rail, road, water, and air) and how the availability of

those types of transportation can expand the market area.

Future of megacities

These megacities are already home to more than one-billion squatters,

and many people breathe unhealthy air and lack access to safe drinking water.

Without dramatic economic and political changes, these problems seem likely

to worsen. However, efforts to address these problems have had some success,

which suggests that megacities may become more livable in the future.

Functional zonation

The idea that portions of an urban area regions, or zones ,within the city have a specific purpose.

Central business district

The downtown or nucleus/heart of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, building densities are usually relatively high, and transportation systems converge.(often located near the physical center of the city, or the crossroads where the city was founded.

Concentric Zone Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.(also known as the burgess model)

1. *Function of urban models (3)*

Classifying and categorizing land use in urban areas

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describing how various urban land uses are segregated spatially

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offering explanations for the location of different urban land uses

bid rent theory

explains the agricultural land use , just as it helps explain land use in central business districts

Industrial Commercial zone

The zone outside. The central business district is dedicated to industry, which produces a lot of pollution. Therefore, residential areas would be separated.(it would most likely include manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation.

Commensal relationship

Meaning that commercial interests benefit each other. For example, restaurants and theaters benefit by being in the same zone , as do clothing stores and shoe stores

Residential Zone

all cities have residential zones, areas where people love. They may be separated through income, level, ethnic group, and religion.

Sector Model

Also known as Hoyt’s model, described how different types of land use rings and housing were all located in the CBD in a citys’ early history

multiple-nuclei model

Studies changes of cities in the 1940s. This model suggests that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers. or nodees.

Peripheral Model

A variant of the multiple nuclei model, describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along. a ring road or beltway.

Galactic City model

In it, an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As suburbs grew, they took on some CBD functions. At key locations along transportation routes, people created mini downtowns of hotels, malls and restaurants, and office complexes

Edge city part 2

they left behind a declining inner city

European city features

Dense mix of commercial and residential land use with narrow, winding streets

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Distinct land use. areas are difficult to find in the core areas

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Urban renovations cut through areas to produce elegant, wide boulevards with high- quality housing and shops

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Preservation of historic urban cores, city leaders have limited new construction and restricted the height of buildings

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Many small businesses as the larger population lives downtown

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A lot of tall buildings/ apartments in the suburbs

Mosque

The center of an islamic. city is usually surrounded by a complex of structures. to serve the public, such as schools and soup kitchens.

citadel

A fort designed to protect the city, with its related palace and barracks for soliders

suqs

Outdoor markets and bazaars, often exhibit spatial differentiation with shops selling luxury items near the center of the city, with bulkier, less valuable materials for sale near the wall and gates.

Islamic city features

Streets and alleys are usually twisting and often dead- end

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homes have central courtyards rather than yards in front or back

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windows are small located above eye level

Griffin ford model

Often used to describe latin American cities. It places a two part CBD at. the center of the city- a traditional market center adjacent to a modern high rise center. The most desirable housing in the city is located there, next to the developed center of the city.

Commercial spine

The high quality housing extending outward for, the urban core

Perifercio

The outer ring of the city

Shantytowns

Shows poverty, lack of infrastructure, and areas of poorly built housing. Often includes migrants to the city

Favelas/ barrios

Are neighborhoods marked by extreme poverty, homelessness, and lawlessness

Disamenity zones

Areas not connected to city services and under the control of criminals. They are often in physically unsafe locations, such as on steep, unstable mountain slopes. Structures are poorly constructed, often by the residents themselves, and densely packed together

Traditional CBD

Existed before European colonization, has small shops clustered along narrow, twisting streets. It includes the formal economy- permanent stores with full time jobs that comply with local regulations and wages.

Colonial CBD

Has broad, straight avenues and large homes, parks, and administrative centers

Informal economy zone

Thrives. with curbside, car side, and stall based businesses that often. hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations.

Periodic markets

Mostly located in the informal economy zone, where small scale merchants congregate weekly or yearly to sell their goods.

More African city features

Has a zone for mining and manufacturing thats often found in cities

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Residential zones are often based on ethnicity. These mirrors the multi ethnic makeup of African countries.

squatter settlements

They often lack sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage

McGee Model

Describes the land use of many large cities in Southeast Asia, where the focus of modern city is often former colonial port zones. This export oriented zone shares commercial uses similar to the CBD in North American cities.

Zoning ordinances

Regulations that define how property in specific regions may be used

Urban planning

A process of promoting growth and controlling land change in land use. Zoning laws can result in a very clear lsnd use segregation.

Inner city

Residential areas surrounding the CBD

Residential density gradient

As one moves farther from the inner city, population, and housing unit density declines, and types of housing

McMansions

A house that doesn’t conform to the style of other homes

Filtering

Houses pass from one social group to another. This usually occurs when people with less wealth move into houses after residents move.

Invasion and success

Refers to a process by which one social group or ethnic group gradually replaces another through filtering. Usually the landscape might get changed as an result

Urban infill

The process of increasing the residential identity of an area by replacing open space and vacant housing with residences

Big box retail stores

Strip malls and shopping malls have become common

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Big-box retail stores have been succesful

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Offices and business services have moved to suburbs

Suburbanization of business

The movement of commerce out of cities to suburbs where rents are cheaper and commutes for employees are shorter

Outside of the Us( CBD setup)

Population density tends to increase in the suburbs

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The centers of cities contain many historical structures, and population densities are fairly low

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Squatter settlements outside in Latin America and gated communities near richer areas

Infrastructure

Facilities and systems that serve the population

\-transportation

\-communication features such as cell phone towers, television cables, and internet service

\-Distribution systems for water, gas, and electricity

\-buildings such as police stations, courthouses, and fire stations

\-collection systems for sewage and garbage

\-entertainment venues, such as museums, theaters, and sport facilities

\-open spaces, such as public parks and town squares