HOSA Overview of Body

Everything

Anatomy

the study of the structures of the body

Physiology

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

Anatomic Position

- standard position
- body is erect, facing foward
- arms at sides
- palms are turned toward the front

Sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts

Midsagittal plane (midline)

a vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions

Transverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

Ventral

belly side, front

Dorsal

backside

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

toward the back

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Cephalic

toward the head

Caudal

toward the lower part of the body

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Bilateral

having two sides

Dorsal Cavity

Along the backside of body; includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral Cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis; includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity. "The four abdominal quads"

right + left hypochondriac regions

below the ribs, covered by lower ribs

epigastric region

located above the stomach

left + right lumbar regions

near the inward curves on the sides

umbilical region

region of the navel

left + right iliac regions

located over the hip bone

hypogastric region

located below the stomach

peritoneum

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

mesentery

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things

Cytology

study of structure and function of cells

Cell Membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Stem Cells

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

Adult stem cells

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ; repairs tissue

Embryonic stem cells

can form any adult cell; can proliferate indefinitely in the lab

Genes

fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, Controls hereditary disorders and physical traits

Genetics

study of transfer of genes and role of genes in health and disease

Dominant Gene

A gene that is expressed in the offspring whenever it is present

Recessive Gene

a gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent

Human Genome

all of the DNA of the human species

Chromosomes

Bodies within the nucleus made in DNA , genetic structures in nuclei

Somatic Cell's chrmosomes

46 chromosomes in 22 identical pairs and a sex chromosome pair

Gamete (Sex cell)'s chromosomes

ovum or sperm; contains 23 single chromosomes

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, provides information for heredity, physical appearance, disease risks, and other traits, found in all nuclei expect erythrocytes

Genetic mutation

change of the sequence of DNA

Somatic cell mutation

change within cells of the body, cannot be transmitted

Gametic cell mutation

a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems.

down syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

hemophilia

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

Huntington's disease

a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing uncontrolled movements + loss of mental abilities

muscular dystrophy

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

an inherited disorder of protein metabolism in which the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme leads to a toxic buildup of certain compounds, causing intellectual disability

Tay-Sachs disease

fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells; progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

Histology

study of tissues

Epithelial tissues

form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body; also glands

Epithelium

forms epidermis of skin and surface layer of mucous membranes

Endothelium

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

Connective tissues

support and connect organs and other body tissues

Dense connective tissues

bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat; provides insulation, padding, support

loose connective tissue

surrounds various organs and supports nerve cells and blood vessels

Liquid connective tissue

blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

Muscle tissue

Tissue made of cells capable of contracting and relaxing

Nerve tissue

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

Aplasia

the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

hypoplasia

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

Anaplasia

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other (sign of tumor formation)

Dysplasia

abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs; increase of cell count

hypertrophy

increase in cell size, making body part bulkier

gland

group of epithelial cells capable of producing secretions

Secretion

the substance produced by a gland

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

adenitis

inflammation of a gland

adenocarcinoma

malignant tumor of glandular tissue

adenoma

a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue

adenomalacia

abnormal softening of a gland

adenosis

any disease or condition of a gland

adenosclerosis

abnormal hardening of a gland

adenectomy

surgical removal of a gland

organ

A body structure that is composed of different kinds of tissues that work together.

Pathology

study of disease

pathologist

specializes in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis (tissues samples from biopsies, operations, or postmortem exams

Etiology

study of the cause of disease

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease

Transmission

spread of disease

contamination

possible presence of a pathogen (caused by poor hygiene or lack of appropriate infection control)

communicable/contagious

a disease that can spread

indirect contact transmission

situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

bloodborne transmission

the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood

airborne transmission

occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze

food-borne + water-borne transmission

transmitted by eating or drinking improperly treated contaminated food or water